Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link

Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 32, Number 4—April 2026

Research

Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infection in Humans and Domestic Ruminants, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Boniface Pongombo Lombe1, Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama1, Gracia Kashitu-Mujinga, Patrick Kakoni Mukadi, Honoré Mampasi, Curé Georges Mbuyi Tshilenge, Marguerite Pemba Manwana, Noël Mwayakala, Niclette Bibi Zenga, Patient Okitale-Talunda, Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu, Suguru Taga, Gaston Sefu Amzati, Masahiro Kajihara, Pierre Nsele Mutantu, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Justin Masumu, Sheila Makiala-Mandanda, and Ayato TakadaComments to Author 
Author affiliation: Central Veterinary Laboratory of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (B.P. Lombe, C.G.M. Tshilenge, J. Masumu); National Pedagogical University, Kinshasa (B.P. Lombe, N. Mwayakala, G.S. Amzati, J. Masumu); University of Kikwit, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Y. Munyeku-Bazitama); University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa (Y. Munyeku-Bazitama, G. Kashitu-Mujinga, P.K. Mukadi, C.G.M. Tshilenge, P. Okitale-Talunda, P.N. Mutantu, J.J. Muyembe-Tamfum, S. Ahuka-Mundeke, S. Makiala-Mandanda); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa (Y. Munyeku-Bazitama, G. Kashitu-Mujinga, P.K. Mukadi, M.P. Manwana, N.B. Zenga, P. Okitale-Talunda, E. Pukuta-Simbu, P.N. Mutantu, J.J. Muyembe-Tamfum, S. Ahuka-Mundeke, J.M. Masumu, S. Makiala-Mandanda); Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (Y. Munyeku-Bazitama, P. Okitale-Talunda, S. Taga, M. Kajihara, A. Takada); Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan (P.K. Mukadi), Compagnie des grands élevages de Katongola, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (H. Mampasi); University of Zambia School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia (M. Kajihara, A. Takada)

Main Article

Table 2

Sociodemographic characteristics and seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in animals in study of seroprevalence in humans and domestic ruminants, Democratic Republic of the Congo*

Variable No. (%) animals
 Seropositivity
 OR (95% CI) p value aOR (95% CI) p value
No. % (95% CI)
All animals
 1,114
 322
 28.9 (26.3–31.6)
Species
Other 408 (36.6) 20 4.9 (3.2–7.5) Referent Referent
Cattle
 706 (63.4)
 302
 42.8 (39.2–46.5)
 14.5 (9.0–23.3)
 <0.001
 8.7 (2.3–32.9)
 0.001
Sex
F 788 (70.7) 244 30.9 (27.8–34.3) Referent Referent
M
 326 (29.3)
 78
 23.9 (19.6–28.9)
 0.7 (0.5–0.9)
 0.019
 1.2 (0.8–1.7)
 0.333
Median age, y (IQR)
 4 (2–5)
Age range, y
0–2 291 (26.1) 43 14.8 (11.1–19.3) Referent Referent
3–5 594 (53.3) 189 31.8 (28.2–35.7) 2.7 (1.9–3.9) <0.001 1.3 (0.8–2.0) 0.226
6–8 143 (12.8) 58 40.6 (32.8–48.8) 3.9 (2.5–6.3) <0.001 1.6 (0.9–2.8) 0.135
9–12
 86 (7.7)
 32
 37.2 (27.6–47.9)
 3.4 (2.0–5.9)
 <0.001
 1.9 (0.9–3.6)
 0.071
Climate
Tropical savanna 870 (78.1) 201 23.1 (20.4–26.0) Referent Referent
Tropical rainforest 198 (17.8) 86 43.4 (36.7–50.4) 2.6 (1.9–3.5) <0.001 0.4 (0.2–0.6) <0.001
Tropical monsoon
 46 (4.1)
 35
 76.1 (61.6–86.2)
 10.6 (5.3–21.2)
 <0.001
 1.3 (0.6–2.7)
 0.578
Vegetation
Savanna woodland 412 (37.0) 23 5.6 (3.7–8.3) Referent Referent
Grassy savanna 240 (21.5) 51 21.3 (16.5–26.9) 4.6 (2.7–7.7) <0.001 0.2 (0.0–1.0) 0.052
Dense moist forest 10 (0.9) 2 20.0 (5.0–54.1) 4.2 (0.8–21.1) 0.079 1.2 (0.2–9.4) 0.806
Mountain savanna
 452 (40.6)
 246
 54.4 (49.8–58.9)
 20.2 (12.8–31.9)
 <0.001
 0.7 (0.1–3.5)
 0.666
Elevation, m
<600 237 (21.3) 9 3.8 (1.9–7.1) Referent Referent
600–799 175 (15.7) 13 7.4 (4.3–12.4) 2.0 (0.8–4.9) 0.112 2.6 (1.0–6.8) 0.047
≥800
 702 (63.0)
 300
 42.7 (39.1–46.4)
 18.9 (9.6–37.4)
 <0.001
 4.2 (1.3–13.9)
 0.019
Year of collection
2018 301 (27.0) 184 61.1 (55.5–66.5) Referent Referent
2019 813 (73.0)
 138 17.0 (14.5–19.7)
 0.1 (0.1–0.2) <0.001 0.3 (0.2–0.5) <0.001

*aOR, adjusted odds ratio; IQR, interquartile range; OR, odds ratio.

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: March 04, 2026
Page updated: March 30, 2026
Page reviewed: March 30, 2026
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external