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Volume 32, Number 5—May 2026

Research Letter

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus RNA in Bovine Semen, California, USA, 2024

Ailam Lim1Comments to Author , Keith Poulsen1, Leonardo C. Caserta, Lizheng Guan, Eryn Opgenorth, Maxwell P. Beal, Amie J. Eisfeld, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, and Diego G. Diel
Author affiliation: University of Wisconsin–Madison Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (A. Lim, K. Poulsen, E. Opgenorth); University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison (A. Lim, K. Poulsen, L. Guan, A.J. Eisfeld, Y. Kawaoka); Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA (L.C. Caserta, D.G. Diel); Mill Creek Veterinary Services, Visalia, California, USA (M.P. Beal); Dakota Dairy Health, Brookings, South Dakota, USA (M.P. Beal); University of Tokyo Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (Y. Kawaoka); University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center, Tokyo (Y. Kawaoka); Japan Institute for Health Security, National Institute of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (Y. Kawaoka)

Main Article

Figure

Phylogenetic analysis of partial concatenated genome sequences confirming detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus genotype B3.13 from bovine semen, California, USA, 2024. A) Tree showing broader phylogeny of H5N1 virus genotypes. B) Timescale tree showing closer examination of the virus from bull 1 semen (bovine semen, black line) and closely related virus sequences.

Figure. Phylogenetic analysis of partial concatenated genome sequences confirming detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus genotype B3.13 from bovine semen, California, USA, 2024. A) Tree showing broader phylogeny of H5N1 virus genotypes. B) Timescale tree showing closer examination of the virus from bull 1 semen (bovine semen, black line) and closely related virus sequences.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: March 23, 2026
Page updated: May 08, 2026
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