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Volume 32, Number 8—August 2026

Research

Use of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Hemolysin E and Lipopolysaccharide IgA to Identify Enteric Fever Cases, South Asia

Jessica C. Seidman1Comments to Author , Kristen Aiemjoy1, Mehreen Adnan, Irum Fatima Dehraj, Junaid Iqbal, Khalid Iqbal, Seema Irfan, Nahidul Islam, Md. Shakiul Kabir, Nishan Katuwal, Noshi Maria, Muhammad Ashraf Memon, Sira Jam Munira, Shiva Ram Naga, Sailesh Pradhan, Anik Sarkar, Rajeev Shrestha, Sony Shrestha, Syed Muktadir Al Sium, Krista Vaidya, Douglas Ezra Morrison, Alice S. Carter, Senjuti Saha, Dipesh Tamrakar, Mohammad Tahir Yousafzai, Denise O. Garrett, Stephen P. Luby, Farah Naz Qamar, Samir Saha, Jason R. Andrews, and Richelle C. Charles
Author affiliation: Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, USA (J.C. Seidman, A.S. Carter, D.O. Garrett); Mahidol University Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand (K. Aiemjoy); University of California, Davis, California, USA (K. Aiemjoy, K. Vaidya, D.E. Morrison); Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan (M. Adnan, I.F. Dehraj, J. Iqbal, S. Irfan, N. Maria, M.T. Yousafzai, F.N. Qamar); Kharadar General Hospital, Karachi (K. Iqbal, M.A. Memon); Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh (N. Islam, M.S. Kabir, S.J. Munira, A. Sarkar, S.M. Al Sium, Senjuti Saha, Samir Saha); Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavrepalanchok, Nepal (N. Katuwal, S.R. Naga, R. Shrestha, S. Shrestha, D. Tamrakar); Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal (S. Pradhan); Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka (S.M. Al Sium); Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA (S.P. Luby, J.R. Andrews); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (R.C. Charles); Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.C. Charles); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (R.C. Charles)

Main Article

Figure 2

Distribution of HlyE and LPS IgA among febrile cases by pathogen type in study of the use of Salmonella Typhi hemolysin E and lipopolysaccharide IgA to identify enteric fever cases, South Asia. Boxplots show the distribution of plasma IgA responses against HlyE and LPS among Salmonella Typhi (n = 568) and Paratyphi A (n = 82) cases (A) and controls (B). Controls were febrile patients with dengue (n = 128), COVID-19 (n = 45), malaria (n = 12), scrub typhus (by Orientia tsutsugamushi, n = 12), gram-negative bacteria (n = 40), or gram-positive bacteria (n = 26). Dots indicate participants. Upper and lower bounds of each box represent interquartile range (quarter 1–3); horizontal line indicates median; whiskers represent 95% CIs. Neg, negative; pos, positive.

Figure 2. Distribution of HlyE and LPS IgA among febrile cases by pathogen type in study of the use of Salmonella Typhi hemolysin E and lipopolysaccharide IgA to identify enteric fever cases, South Asia. Boxplots show the distribution of plasma IgA responses against HlyE and LPS among Salmonella Typhi (n = 568) and Paratyphi A (n = 82) cases (A) and controls (B). Controls were febrile patients with dengue (n = 128), COVID-19 (n = 45), malaria (n = 12), scrub typhus (by Orientia tsutsugamushi, n = 12), gram-negative bacteria (n = 40), or gram-positive bacteria (n = 26). Dots indicate participants. Upper and lower bounds of each box represent interquartile range (quarter 1–3); horizontal line indicates median; whiskers represent 95% CIs. Neg, negative; pos, positive.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: June 12, 2026
Page updated: July 10, 2026
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