Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 5, Number 6—December 1999
Dispatch

Toxic Shock Syndrome in the United States: Surveillance Update, 1979–19961

Rana A. Hajjeh*Comments to Author , Arthur L. Reingold†, Alexis Weil*, Kathleen Shutt*, Anne Schuchat*, and Bradley A. Perkins*
Author affiliations: *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and †School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

Main Article

Table

Demographic characteristics, outcome, and proportion of menstrual cases of toxic shock syndrome, United States, 1979–1996

Characteristic 1979-80
(n = 1,392) No. (%)a by years 1981-86
(n = 2,835) 1987-96
(n = 1,069) Total cases
(n = 5,296)
Female 1,365 (98) 2,594 (92) 958 (90) 4,917 (93)
Median age (yrs), (range) 21 (1-70) 22 (1-87) 25 (3d-82) 22 (3d-87)
White race 1,067 (77) 2,564 (90) 967 (90) 4,598 (91)
Menstrual cases 1,264 (91) 2,021 (71) 636 (59) 3,921 (74)
Deaths (Case-fatality ratio [%]) 77 (6) 95 (3.5) 36 (3.5) 208 (4)

aCalculations were done by using as denominator the number of persons for whom the information on the specific characteristic was available.

Main Article

References
  1. U.S. Public Health Services. Addressing emerging infectious disease threats. A prevention strategy for the United States. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1994.
  2. Todd  JK, Kapral  FA, Fishaut  M, Welch  TR. Toxic shock syndrome associated with phage group 1 staphylococci. Lancet. 1978;2:1116–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Toxic-shock syndrome–United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1980;29:229–30.
  4. Broome  CV. Epidemiology of toxic shock syndrome in the United States: Overview. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;2(Suppl 1):S14–21.
  5. Shands  KN, Schmid  GP, Dan  BB, Blum  D, Guidotti  RJ, Hargrett  NT, Toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women: association with tampon use and Staphylococcus aureus and clinical features in 52 cases. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:1436–42.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Toxic shock syndrome–United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1980;:2979.
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Follow-up on toxic-shock syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1980;29:441–5.
  8. Reingold  AL, Hargrett  NT, Shands  KN, Dan  BB, Schmid  GP, Strickland  BY, Toxic shock syndrome surveillance in the United States, 1980 to 1981. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:875–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Gaventa  S, Reingold  AL, Hightower  AW, Broome  CV, Schwartz  B, Hoppe  C, Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome in the United States. 1986. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;2(Suppl 1):S28–34.
  10. Davis  JP, Chesney  PJ, Wand  PJ, LaVenture  M. Toxic-shock syndrome: epidemiologic features, recurrence, risk factors and prevention. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:1429–35.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Latham  RH, Kehrberg  MW, Jacobson  JA. Toxic shock syndrome in Utah: a case-control and surveillance study. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:906–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Schuchat  A, Broome  CV. Toxic shock syndrome and tampons. Epidemiol Rev. 1991;13:99–112.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reduced incidence of menstrual toxic shock syndrome–United States, 1980-1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39:421–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Petitti  DB, Reingold  AL. Update through 1985 on the incidence of toxic shock syndrome among members of a prepaid health plan. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(Suppl 10):S22–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Schlievert  PM. Comparison of cotton and cotton/rayon tampons for effect on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1112–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Simonsen  L, Conn  LA, Pinner  RW, Teutsch  S. Trends in infectious disease hospitalizations in the United States, 1980-1994. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1923–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Hughes  D, Stapleton  J. Postoperative toxic shock syndrome. Iowa Med. 1991;81:55–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Lindsay  J, Ruzin  A, Ross  HF, Kurepina  N, Novick  RP. The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol. 1998;29:527–43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

1Presented in part at the European Conference on Toxic Shock Syndrome, Royal Society of Medicine, London, September 1997, and at the International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, March 1998. (Arbuthnott J, Furman B, editors. European conference on toxic shock syndrome, 1997. London [UK]: The Royal Society of Medicine Press Limited; 1998.)

Page created: December 16, 2010
Page updated: December 16, 2010
Page reviewed: December 16, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external