Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 7, Number 3—June 2001
Research

Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997

Yvan J.F. Hutin*, R. Joel Williams*, Philippe Malfait†, Richard Pebody†, Vladamir N. Loparev*, Susan L. Ropp*, Mariangelli Rodriguez*, Janice C Knight*, Florimont K. Tshioko‡, Ali S Khan*, Mark V. Szczeniowski‡, and Joseph J. Esposito*Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; †European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training, Brussels, Belgium; ‡World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Main Article

Figure 2

Phylogenetic inference relationships of the open reading frames encoding the viral hemagglutinin protein of various monkeypox virus isolates and selected strains of vaccinia, variola, and cowpox viruses. Nucleotide sequences of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons were analyzed using PAUP parsimony analysis software version 3.1.1, as described (10). Parsimony analysis used 5,000 bootstraps and weighted the sequences for a transition-transversion ratio of 2 (bootstrap confidence interval

Figure 2. . Phylogenetic inference relationships of the open reading frames encoding the viral hemagglutinin protein of various monkeypox virus isolates and selected strains of vaccinia, variola, and cowpox viruses. Nucleotide sequences of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons were analyzed using PAUP parsimony analysis software version 3.1.1, as described (10). Parsimony analysis used 5,000 bootstraps and weighted the sequences for a transition-transversion ratio of 2 (bootstrap confidence intervals shown on branches).

Main Article

References
  1. Marennikova  SS, Seluhina  EM, Mal'ceva  NN, Cimiskjan  KL, Macevic  GR. Isolation and properties of the causal agent of a new variola-like disease (monkeypox) in man. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;46:599–611.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Arita  I, Jezek  Z, Khodakevich  L, Ruti  K. Human monkeypox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:781–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Jezek  Z, Fenner  F. Human monkeypox. In: JL Melnick, editor. Monographs in virology. Volume 17. Basel: Karger; 1988.
  4. von Magnus  P, Andersen  EK, Petersen  KB, Birch-Andersen  A. A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1959;46:156–76. DOIGoogle Scholar
  5. Khodakevich  L, Jezek  Z, Messinger  D. Monkeypox virus: ecology and public health significance. Bull World Health Organ. 1988;66:747–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Khodakevich  L, Szczeniowski  M, Manbu-ma-Disu , Jezek  Z, Marennikova  S, Nakano  J, The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission. Trop Geogr Med. 1987;39:115–22.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Fine  PE, Jezek  Z, Grab  B, Dixon  H. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17:643–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Jezek  Z, Grab  B, Szczeniowski  MV, Paluku  KM, Mutombo  M. Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates. Bull World Health Organ. 1988;66:465–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Jezek  Z, Arita  I, Mutombo  M, Dunn  C, Nakano  JH, Szezeniowski  M. Four generations of probable person-to-person transmission of human monkeypox. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;123:1004–12.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Mukinda  VB, Mwema  G, Kilundu  M, Heymann  DL, Khan  AS, Esposito  JJ. Re-emergence of human monkeypox in Zaire in 1996. Lancet. 1997;349:1449–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human monkeypox- Zaire, 1996-1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46:304–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Mills  JN, Childs  JE, Ksiazek  TG, Peters  CJ, Velleca  WM. Methods for trapping and sampling small mammals for virologic testing. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1995.
  13. Esposito  JJ, Massung  RF. Poxvirus infections in humans. In: Murray PR, Tenover F, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 6th ed. Washington: ASM Press;1995. p. 1131-8.
  14. Towbin  H, Staehelin  T, Gordon  J. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979;76:4350–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Loparev  VN, Parsons  JM, Knight  JC, Panus  JF, Ray  CA, Buller  RM, A third distinct tumor necrosis factor receptor of orthopoxviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:3786–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Ropp  SL, Esposito  JJ, Loparev  VN, Palumbo  G. Poxviruses infecting humans. In: Murray PR, Barron CJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 7th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 1999. p. 1137-44.
  17. Ropp  SL, Jin  Q, Knight  JC, Massung  RF, Esposito  JJ. PCR strategy for identification and differentiation of smallpox and other orthopoxviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2069–76.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Esposito  JJ, Knight  JC. Orthopoxvirus DNA: a comparison of restriction profiles and maps. Virology. 1985;143:230–51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Dean  AG, Dean  JA, Coulombier  D, Burton  AH, Brendel  KA, Smith  DC. Epi Info, version 6: A word-processing, database, and statistics program for public health on IBM-compatible microcomputers. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1994.
  20. Fenner  F, Wittek  R, Dumbell  KR. The Orthopoxviruses. San Diego: Academic Press; 1989. p. 162-5, 312-15.
  21. Ziegler  DW, Hutchinson  HD, Koplan  JP, Nakano  JH. Detection by radioimmunoassay of antibodies in human smallpox patients and vaccinees. J Clin Microbiol. 1975;1:311–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Cherry  JD, McIntosh  K, Connor  JD, Benenson  AS, Alling  DW, Rolfe  UT, Primary percutaneous vaccination. J Infect Dis. 1977;135:145–54. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. McIntosh  K, Cherry  JD, Benenson  AS, Connor  JD, Alling  DW, Rolfe  UT, Clinical and serologic study of four smallpox vaccines comparing variations of dose and route of administration. Standard percutaneous revaccination of children who receive primary percutaneous vaccination. J Infect Dis. 1977;135:155–66. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Jezek  Z, Szczeniowski  M, Paluku  KM, Mutombo  M, Grab  B. Human monkeypox: confusion with chickenpox. Acta Trop. 1988;45:297–307.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human monkeypox--Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo, February 1996-October 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46:1168–71.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: April 26, 2012
Page updated: April 26, 2012
Page reviewed: April 26, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external