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Volume 9, Number 2—February 2003

Research

Risk Factors for Sporadic Giardiasis: a Case-Control Study in Southwestern England

James M. Stuart*Comments to Author , Hilary J. Orr*, Fiona G Warburton†, Sugarthinny Jeyakanth†, Carolyn Pugh‡, Ian Morris‡, Joyshri Sarangi§, and Gordon Nichols¶
Author affiliations: *PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (Southwest), Gloucester, U.K.; †PHLS Statistics Unit, London, U.K.; ‡Public Health Laboratory, Bristol, U.K.; §Avon Health Authority, Bristol, U.K.; ¶PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London, U.K.

Main Article

Table 2

Single variable analysis of risk factors for giardiasis: recreational water exposures

Swimming and related activities by location and frequency: Cases (n=192) Controls
(n=492) Matched odds ratio (95% CI)a p value
Swimming anywhere
 No
 123
 406
Yes
 66
 85
 3.9 (2.2 to 7.1)
 <0.0001
Swallowing water while swimming
 No
 132
 428
Yes
 26
 33
 6.6 (2.5 to 17.6)
 0.0001
Frequency of swimming
 0
 123
 406
1–2
 29
 44
3–4
 22
 19
5–6
 6
 10
7–8
 4
 11
 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5)b
 0.002
In chlorinated water
Swimming
 No
 149
 434
Yes
 43
 58
 2.7 (1.4 to 5.0)
 0.002
    Swallowed water
 No
 174
 464
Yes
 18
 28
 2.4 (0.9 to 6.0)
 0.07
    Head immersion
 No
 156
 443
Yes
 36
 49
 2.5 (1.3 to 5.0)
 0.009
In fresh water
 No
 172
 469
Yes
 20
 23
 5.1 (2.0 to 12.5)
 0.0003
    Swallowed water
 No
 191
 491
Yes
 1
 1
 3.9 (0.1 to 136)
 0.4
    Head immersion
 No
 188
 489
Yes
 3
 2
 26.6 (1.2 to 572)
 0.02
In sea water No
 187
 486
Yes 5 6 1.2 (0.2 to 8.4) 0.9

aCI, confidence intervals.
bFor each additional visit.

Main Article

Page created: June 08, 2011
Page updated: June 08, 2011
Page reviewed: June 08, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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