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Volume 10, Number 5—May 2004
Research

Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Flora of Pig Farmers

Hélène Aubry-Damon*, Karine Grenet†, Penda Sall-Ndiaye‡, Didier Che*, Eugenio Cordeiro*, Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux¶, Emma Rigaud‡, Yann Le Strat*, Véronique Lemanissier*, Laurence Armand-Lefèvre†, Didier Delzescaux§, Jean-Claude Desenclos*, Michel Liénard‡, and Antoine Andremont†Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *National Institute for Public Health, Saint-Maurice, France; †Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique, Paris, France; ‡National Medical Insurance System for Agriculture, Bagnolet, France; §National Federation of Cattle and Pig Raisers, Paris, France; ¶Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Paris, France

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Table 4

Fecal isolation of selected microorganisms in pig farmers and in nonfarmersa

Microorganisms
 Prevalence no. (%)
 Prevalence ratio CI 95% p value
Pig farmers Nonfarmers
Enterococci
Any
 71/109
 (65.1
 80/109
 (73.4)
 0.89
 0.75 to 1.05
 0.21
Resistant to
Erythromycin
 38/71
 (53.5)
 46/80
 (57.5)
 0.93
 0.70 to .24
 0.62
Vancomycin
 6b/71
 (8.5)
 10c/80
 (12.5)
 0.68
 0.26 to 1.77
 0.42
Enterobacteriad
Any
 103/109
 (94.5)
 100/109
 (91.7)
 1.03
 0.96 to 1.10
 0.58
Resistant to
Ampicillin
 68/103
 (66.0)
 55/100
 (55.0)
 1.20
 0.96 to 1.50
 0.11
Ceftazidime
 0
0
NAd
 NA
 NA
Streptomycin
 69/103
 (67.0)
 48/100
 (48.0)
 1.40
 1.09 to 1.78
 <0.01
Kanamycin
 29/103
 (28.2)
 23/100
 (23.0)
 1.22
 0.76 to 1.96
 0.40
Gentamicin
 10/103
 (9.7)
 3/100
 (3.0)
 3.24
 0.92 to 11.42
 0.05
Chloramphenicol
 30/103
 (29.1)
 14/100
 (14.0)
 2.08
 1.17 to 3.68
 <0.01
Tetracycline
 73/103
 (70.9)
 43/100
 (43.0)
 1.65
 1.27 to 2.13
 <0.01
Nalidixic acid
 22/103
 (21.4)
 3/100
 (3.0)
 7.12
 2.20 to 23.0
 <0.01
Escherichia colif
Any
 100/109
 (91.7)
 98/109
 (89.9)
 1.02
 0.94 to 1.10
 0.64
Resistant to
Ampicillin
 36/100
 (36.0)
 34/98
 (34.7)
 1.04
 0.71 to 1.51
 0.85
Ceftazidime
 0
0
NA
 NA
 NA
Streptomycin
 50/100
 (50.0)
 35/98
 (35.7)
 1.40
 1.01 to 1.95
 0.04
Kanamycin
 10/100
 (10.0)
 12/98
 (12.2)
 0.82
 0.37 to 1.80
 0.62
Gentamicin
 2/100
 (2.0)
 0
NA
 NA
 0.99
Chloramphenicol
 11/100
 (11.0)
 9/98
 (9.2)
 1.20
 0.52 to 2.76
 0.67
Tetracycline
 52/100
 (52.0)
 23/98
 (23.5)
 2.22
 1.48 to 3.32
 <0.01
Cotrimoxazole
 37/100
 (37.0)
 12/98
 (12.2)
 3.02
 1.68 to 5.44
 <0.01
Nalidixic acid
 11/100
 (11.0)
 0
NA
 NA
 <0.01
Staphylococcus aureus
 4/109
 (3.7)
 2/109
 (1.8)
 2.0
 0.37 to 10.69
 0.68
Yeasts 19g/109 (17.4) 18h/109 (17.4) 1.06 0.59 to 1.90 1.00

aMatched fecal samples were available for 109 pig farmers and nonfarmer pairs only.
bEnterococcus faecium: 0, E. gallinarum: 6.
cE. faecium: 2, E. gallinarum: 5, E. casseliflavus: 3.
dUsing direct plating plating on Drigalski agar without or with antimicrobial agents (first technique, see Methods).
eNA, not applicable.
fFrom the predominant fecal flora (second technique, see Methods).
gCandida albicans: 1, Geotrichum sp.: 15, C. glabrata: 2, Rhodolulora sp.: 1.
hC. albicans: 2, Geotrichum sp.: 14, Saccharomyces cerevesia: 2.

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