Table 3

Environmental Exposure and Leptospirosis, Peru

Michael A.S. Johnson*†, Hannah Smith†, Priya Joseph†, Robert H. Gilman*†, Christian T. Bautista*‡, Kalina J. Campos*§, Michelle Cespedes†, Peter Klatsky†, Carlos Vidal¶, Hilja Terry†, Maritza M. Calderon*§, Carlos Coral†, Lilia Cabrera†, Paminder S. Parmar†, and Joseph M. Vinetz#

Author affiliations: *Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru; †Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ‡U.S. Naval Medical Center Research Detachment, Lima, Peru; §Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; ¶Ministry of Health, Iquitos, Peru; #University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA

Main Article

Risk factors associated with leptospiral seropositivity, Belen^a

Risk factor	Prevalence		Incidence (n = 158)
	OR (95% CI)	p	RR (95% CI)	p
Living in San José	1.90 (1.27 to 2.83)	0.002	1.88 (0.83 to 4.23)	0.191
Bathing in the river	1.75 (1.09 to 2.82)	0.021	2.70 (0.83 to 8.78)	0.132
Living near the river	1.58 (1.07 to 2.32)	0.022	1.94 (0.84 to 4.47)	0.149
Owning a television	1.55 (1.01 to 2.38)	0.043	1.56 (0.66 to 3.69)	0.438
Fisherman (male)	1.57 (0.86 to 2.87)	0.141	1.94 (0.73 to 5.18)	0.250
Not wearing shoes in the field	1.63 (0.85 to 3.13)	0.139	2.29 (0.93 to 5.59)	0.135
Drinking primarily river water	1.28 (0.82 to 2.01)	0.272	0.91 (0.35 to 2.40)	0.999
Rats in the workplace	1.14 (0.52 to 2.48)	0.740	0.79 (0.12 to 5.18)	0.999
Rats in the home	1.36 (0.00 to 3.61)	0.538	NA	NA
Dogs in the workplace	1.12 (0.66 to 1.90)	0.684	1.72 (0.69 to 4.31)	0.317
Dogs in the home	0.67 (0.43 to 1.02)	0.063	1.06 (0.46 to 2.44)	0.891
Pigs in the home	0.77 (0.38 to 1.53)	0.452	0.44 (0.06 to 3.06)	0.699
Education (minimal vs. secondary)	1.37 (0.90 to 2.05)	0.139	1.59 (0.56 to 4.51)	0.368
Education (secondary vs. superior)	2.63 (0.58 to 11.96)	0.207	NA	NA
Education (minimal vs. superior)	3.60 (0.81 to 15.99)	0.092	NA	NA
Positive household member	1.18 (0.75 to 1.85)	0.468
Multivariate logistic regression for independent risk factors
Living in San José	2.17 (1.39 to 3.37)	0.001
Not wearing shoes in the field	2.17 (1.1 to 4.05)	0.015

^aOR, odds ratios; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval. CIs and ORs were calculated for adults only (>18 years of age). NA, not applicable.

Main Article

Page created: February 22, 2011

Page updated: February 22, 2011

Page reviewed: February 22, 2011

The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.