Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 14, Number 11—November 2008
CME ACTIVITY - Research

Antimicrobial Drug Use and Resistance in Europe

Nienke van de Sande-Bruinsma, Hajo GrundmannComments to Author , Didier Verloo, Edine Tiemersma, Jos Monen, Herman Goossens, Matus Ferech, and the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System and European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Project Groups 1
Author affiliations: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (N. van de Sande-Bruinsma, H. Grundmann, E. Tiemersma, J. Monen); University Medical Centre, Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (H. Grundmann); Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Ukkel, Belgium (D. Verloo); University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H. Goossens, M. Ferech);

Main Article

Table 3

Range and median correlation between the occurrence (logodds) of PNSP, ENSP, and FQRE in 2002–2005 and antimicrobial drug consumption, Europe, 2000–2004*

E consumption O-resistance phenotype No. E–O intervals with significant association† Correlation coefficients (r)
Median
Minimum
Maximum
r (CI) E–O year r (CI) E–O year r (CI) E–O year
Total use (J01)
PNSP 11 0.68 
(0.30–0.87) 2003–2003 0.61 
(0.17–0.84) 2001–2003 0.73 
(0.39–0.90) 2002–2002
ENSP
9
0.55 
(0.07–0.82)
2001–2003

0.37 
(–0.11 to 0.75)
2004–2005

0.71 
(0.33–0.89)
2003–2003
Penicillins (J01C)
PNSP 11 0.78 
(0.48–0.92) 2003–2004 0.69 
(0.28–0.87) 2003–2005 0.82 
(0.55–0.93) 2004–2004
ENSP
3
0.37 
(–0.15 to 0.74)
2003–2005

0.26 
(–0.29 to 0.66)
2001–2002

0.60 
(0.15–0.84)
2003–2003
Cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems (J01D)
PNSP 8 0.57 
(0.13–0.83) 2002–2003 0.41 
(–0.07 to 0.74) 2002–2004 0.64 
(0.23–0.86) 2000–2002
ENSP
11
0.69 
(0.30–0.88)
2001–2002

0.50 
(0.00–0.79)
2003–2005

0.79 
(0.48–0.92)
2004–2004
Macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins (MLS class J01F)
PNSP 4 0.42 
(–0.08 to 0.75) 2004–2004 0.26 
(–0.22 to 0.67) 2004–2005 0.53 
(0.07–0.81) 2002–2002
ENSP
9
0.56 
(0.08–0.82)
2001–2002

0.35 
(–0.19 to 0.71)
2004–2004

0.67 
(0.27–0.88)
2003–2004
Fluoroquinolones (JO1MA) PNSP 9 0.51 
(0.04–0.80) 2004–2004 0.36 
(–0.10 to 0.74) 2003–2005 0.57 
(0.12–0.82) 2002–2002
ENSP 10 0.62 
(0.18–0.85) 2001–2002 0.48 
(–0.04 to 0.78) 2004–2005 0.69 
(0.29–0.89) 2004–2004
FQRE‡ 9 0.60 
(0.17–0.84) 2004–2004 0.44 
(–0.05 to 0.76) 2003–2005 0.70 
(0.33–0.88) 2001–2002

*PNSP, penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; ENSP, erythromycin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae; FQRE, fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli; E, exposure; O, outcome; CI, 95% confidence interval; MLS, macrolides, lincosamines, and streptogramins.
†Exposure outcome intervals include all 11 possible time windows, considering the data for consumption (exposure) and resistance (outcome) for the same year as well as for intervals of 1 to 2 y between exposure and outcome. p<0.05 was significant.
‡Significant correlations of fluoroquinolone consumption were found only with FQRE. Other correlations were therefore not shown.

Main Article

1National representatives of these 2 project groups in 2005 were as follows: Austria: H. Mittermayer, S. Metz, W. Koller (European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [EARSS]); Belgium: E. Hendrickx (EARSS), H. Goossens; Bulgaria: B. Markova; Croatia: A. Tambic-Andrasevic, Igor Francetic (European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption [ESAC]), S. Kalenic (EARSS); Cyprus: D. Bagatzouni (EARSS); Czech Republic: P. Dvorak (ESAC), P. Urbaskova (EARSS); Denmark: D. Monnet, A. Anker Nielsen (ESAC); Estonia: P. Naaber (EARSS); Finland: P. Huovinen (ESAC), P. Paakkari (ESAC), O. Lyytikainen (EARSS), A. Nissinen (EARSS); France: P. Maugendre (ESAC), D. Guillemot (ESAC), B. Coignard, (EARSS), V. Jarlier (EARSS); Germany: W. Kern (ESAC), H. Schroeder (ESAC), W. Witte (EARSS), K. Heckenbach (EARSS); Greece: H. Giamarellou (ESAC), A. Antoniadou (ESAC), A. Tsakris (EARSS), A. Vatopoulos (EARSS); Hungary: G. Ternak (ESAC), M. Fuzi (EARSS); Iceland: K. Kristinsson; Ireland: E. Smyth (ESAC), R. Cunney (ESAC), D. Igoe (EARSS), O. Murphy (EARSS); Israel: R. Raz (EARSS); Italy: G. Cornaglia, A. Pantosti (EARSS), P. D’Ancona (EARSS); Latvia: S. Berzina (ESAC), A. Balode (EARSS); Lithuania: R. Valenteliene (ESAC), J. Miciulevicience; Luxembourg: R. Hemmer, M. Bruch (ESAC); Malta: M. Borg, P. Zarb (ESAC); the Netherlands: R. Janknegt (ESAC), M. Filius (ESAC), H. de Neeling (EARSS), E. Tiemermsa, J Degener (EARSS); Norway: H. Salvesen Blix (ESAC), A. Hoiby (EARSS), G. Simonsen (EARSS); Poland: W. Hryniewicz, P. Grzesiowski; Portugal: L. Caldeira (ESAC), M. Canica (EARSS); Romania: I. Codita; Slovakia: V. Foltan (ESAC), T. Tesar (ESAC), L. Langsadl (EARSS); Slovenia: M. Cizman (ESAC), M. Mueller-Premru (EARSS), J. Kolman (EARSS); Spain: J. Campos, F. Baquero (EARSS); Sweden: O. Cars (ESAC), G. Skoog (ESAC), B. Liljequist (EARSS), G. Kahlmeter (EARSS); Turkey: S. Unal (ESAC), D. Gür (EARSS); United Kingdom: P. Davey (ESAC), A. Johnson (EARSS), R. Hill (EARSS), H. Hughes (EARSS), M. Coyne (EARSS).

Page created: July 16, 2010
Page updated: July 16, 2010
Page reviewed: July 16, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external