Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 14, Number 9—September 2008
Perspective

Underreported Threat of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Africa

Yanis Ben AmorComments to Author , Bennett Nemser, Angad Singh, Alyssa Sankin, and Neil Schluger
Author affiliations: Columbia University, New York, New York, USA;

Main Article

Figure

Prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Africa among combined tuberculosis cases. A) Data collected from the Third Global Report on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World of the World Health Organization (WHO) published in 2004 (40). B) Data from various recent WHO publications, peer-reviewed journal articles, and WHO’s Fourth Global Report (1). C) Formulaic estimates of Zignol et al. (11). AFRO, WHO Regional Office for Africa.

Figure. Prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Africa among combined tuberculosis cases. A) Data collected from the Third Global Report on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World of the World Health Organization (WHO) published in 2004 (40). B) Data from various recent WHO publications, peer-reviewed journal articles, and WHO’s Fourth Global Report (1). C) Formulaic estimates of Zignol et al. (11). AFRO, WHO Regional Office for Africa.

Main Article

References
  1. World Health Organization. Anti-tuberculosis resistance in the world. Report no. 4. Geneva: The Organization; 2008.
  2. Gandhi  NR, Moll  A, Sturm  AW, Pawinski  R, Govender  T, Lalloo  U, Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet. 2006;368:1575–80. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. World Health Organization. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world. Geneva: The Organization; 1997.
  4. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing. Geneva: The Organization; 2007.
  5. Burman  W, Benator  D, Vernon  A, Khan  A, Jones  B, Silva  C, Acquired rifamycin resistance with twice-weekly treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:350–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Li  J, Munsiff  SS, Driver  CR, Sackoff  J. Relapse and acquired rifampin resistance in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis treated with rifampin- or rifabutin-based regimens in New York City, 1997–2000. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:83–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. LoBue  PA, Moser  KS. Isoniazid- and rifampin-resistant tuberculosis in San Diego County, California, United States, 1993–2002. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9:501–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Nettles  RE, Mazo  D, Alwood  K, Gachuhi  R, Maltas  G, Wendel  K, Risk factors for relapse and acquired rifamycin resistance after directly observed tuberculosis treatment: a comparison by HIV serostatus and rifamycin use. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:731–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Sandman  L, Schluger  NW, Davidow  AL, Bonk  S. Risk factors for rifampin-monoresistant tuberculosis: a case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:468–72.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Vanacore  P, Koehler  B, Carbonara  S, Zacchini  F, Bassetti  D, Antonucci  G, Drug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons: Italy 1999–2000. Infection. 2004;32:328–32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Zignol  M, Hosseini  MS, Wright  A, Weezenbeek  CL, Nunn  P, Watt  CJ, Global incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:479–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Kuaban  C, Bercion  R, Jifon  G, Cunin  P, Blackett  KN. Acquired anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Yaounde, Cameroon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4:427–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Kuaban  C, Bercion  R, Noeske  J, Cunin  P, Nkamsse  P, Ngo Niobe  S. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the West Province of Cameroon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4:356–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Ratsirahonana  O, Rasolofo Razanamparany  V, Rasolonavalona  T, Rakotonirina  V, Rakotoarisaonina  A, Rakotoherisoa  A, Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to antitubercular agents in Antananarivo in 2000 [in French]. Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar. 2002;68:44–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Salaniponi  FM, Nyirenda  TE, Kemp  JR, Squire  SB, Godfrey-Faussett  P, Harries  AD. Characteristics, management and outcome of patients with recurrent tuberculosis under routine programme conditions in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7:948–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Warndorff  DK, Yates  M, Ngwira  B, Chagaluka  S, Jenkins  PA, Drobniewski  F, Trends in antituberculosis drug resistance in Karonga District, Malawi, 1986–1998. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4:752–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Nelson  LJ, Talbot  EA, Mwasekaga  MJ, Ngirubiu  PK, Mwansa  RA, Notha  M, Antituberculosis drug resistance and anonymous HIV surveillance in tuberculosis patients in Botswana, 2002. Lancet. 2005;366:488–90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Talbot  EA, Kenyon  TA, Mwasekaga  MJ, Moeti  TL, Mallon  V, Binkin  NJ. Control of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Botswana. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7:72–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Ledru  S, Cauchoix  B, Yameogo  M, Zoubga  A, Lamande-Chiron  J, Portaels  F, Impact of short-course therapy on tuberculosis drug resistance in South-West Burkina Faso. Tuber Lung Dis. 1996;77:429–36. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Sanders  M, van Deun  A, Ntakirutimana  D, Masabo  JP, Rukundo  J, Rigouts  L, Rifampicin mono-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Bujumbura, Burundi: results of a drug resistance survey. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:178–83.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Kassa-Kelembho  E, Bobossi-Serengbe  G, Takeng  EC, Nambea-Koisse  TB, Yapou  F, Talarmin  A. Surveillance of drug-resistant childhood tuberculosis in Bangui, Central African Republic. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:574–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Diguimbaye  C, Hilty  M, Ngandolo  R, Mahamat  HH, Pfyffer  GE, Baggi  F, Molecular characterization and drug resistance testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Chad. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:1575–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Kouassi  B, Horo  K, N’Douba  KA, Koffi  N, Ngom  A, Aka-Danguy  E, Epidemiological, clinical and biological profile of resistant or recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis in Abidjan [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2004;97:336–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Tudo  G, Gonzalez  J, Obama  R, Rodriguez  JM, Franco  JR, Espasa  M, Study of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in five districts of Equatorial Guinea: rates, risk factors, genotyping of gene mutations and molecular epidemiology. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:15–22.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Abate  G. Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia: problem scenarios and recommendation. Ethiop Med J. 2002;40:79–86.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Bruchfeld  J, Aderaye  G, Palme  IB, Bjorvatn  B, Ghebremichael  S, Hoffner  S, Molecular epidemiology and drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Ethiopian pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:1636–43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Demissie  M, Lemma  E, Gebeyehu  M, Lindtjorn  B. Sensitivity to anti-tuberculosis drugs in HIV-positive and -negative patients in Addis Ababa. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33:914–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Adegbola  RA, Hill  P, Baldeh  I, Otu  J, Sarr  R, Sillah  J, Surveillance of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in The Gambia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7:390–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Githui  WA, Hawken  MP, Juma  ES, Godfrey-Faussett  P, Swai  OB, Kibuga  DK, Surveillance of drug-resistant tuberculosis and molecular evaluation of transmission of resistant strains in refugee and non-refugee populations in North-Eastern Kenya. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4:947–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Githui  WA, Jordaan  AM, Juma  ES, Kinyanjui  P, Karimi  FG, Kimwomi  J, Identification of MDR-TB Beijing/W and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes in Nairobi, Kenya. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:352–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Githui  WA, Meme  HK, Juma  ES, Kinyanjui  P, Karimi  F, Chakaya  JM, Isolation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains in patients from private and public health care facilities in Nairobi, Kenya. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:837–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Mac-Arthur  A, Gloyd  S, Perdigao  P, Noya  A, Sacarlal  J, Kreiss  J. Characteristics of drug resistance and HIV among tuberculosis patients in Mozambique. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5:894–902.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Nunes  EA, De Capitani  EM, Coelho  E, Joaquim  OA, Figueiredo  IR, Cossa  AM, Patterns of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance among HIV-infected patients in Maputo, Mozambique, 2002–2003. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9:494–500.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Umubyeyi  AN, Vandebriel  G, Gasana  M, Basinga  P, Zawadi  JP, Gatabazi  J, Results of a national survey on drug resistance among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Rwanda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:189–94.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Davies  GR, Pillay  M, Sturm  AW, Wilkinson  D. Emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a community-based directly observed treatment programme in rural South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:799–804.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Holtz  TH, Lancaster  J, Laserson  KF, Wells  CD, Thorpe  L, Weyer  K. Risk factors associated with default from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, South Africa, 1999–2001. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:649–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Naidoo  S, Jinabhai  CC. TB in health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:676–82.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Patel  VB, Padayatchi  N, Bhigjee  AI, Allen  J, Bhagwan  B, Moodley  AA, Multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:851–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Weyer  K, Lancaster  J, Brand  J, van der Walt  M, Levin  J. Survey of tuberculosis drug resistance in South Africa, 2001–2002 [cited 2008 Jun 13]. Available from http://www.sahealthinfo.org/tb/natsurvey.pdf
  40. World Health Organization. Anti-tuberculosis resistance in the world. Report no. 3. Geneva: The Organization; 2004.
  41. Espinal  MA, Dye  C. Can DOTS control multidrug-resistant tuberculosis? Lancet. 2005;365:1206–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: July 13, 2010
Page updated: July 13, 2010
Page reviewed: July 13, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external