Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 7, Number 1—February 2001
Synopsis

Geographic Subdivision of the Range of the Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium vivax

Jun Li*, William E. Collins†, Robert A. Wirtz†, Dharmendar Rathore*, Altaf Lal†, and Thomas F. McCutchan*Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; †Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Main Article

Figure 1

Comparison of the relative developmental success of 11 different isolates of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles albimanus and An. freeborni. The black bars and arrows represent An. albimanus, and the grey bars and arrow represent An. freeborni. The origin of each isolate is indicated on the map. American Type Culture collection reference numbers are as follows: N. Korea T1206, Thai K1294, Vietnam C30151, New Guinea C30060, Nicaragua 30073, Panama C30138, and El Salvador-1 C30197. W. Pakistan, Salvado

Figure 1. Comparison of the relative developmental success of 11 different isolates of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles albimanus and An. freeborni. The black bars and arrows represent An. albimanus, and the grey bars and arrow represent An. freeborni. The origin of each isolate is indicated on the map. American Type Culture collection reference numbers are as follows: N. Korea T1206, Thai K1294, Vietnam C30151, New Guinea C30060, Nicaragua 30073, Panama C30138, and El Salvador-1 C30197. W. Pakistan, Salvador-2, and Colombia came directly from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Analysis of feeding and infectivity are as described (4). *Susceptibility of An. albimanus to different stains of P. vivax was tested by feeding the mosquito on infected Aotus monkeys (4). A total of six strains of An. albimanus collected from Panama, El Salvador, Colombia, and Haiti were used to test each of 11 strains of P. vivax, 6 strains of which were from the New World, including 2 isolates from El Salvador and 1 each from Colombia, Haiti, Panama, and Nicaragua; 5 strains were from the Old World, including Chesson strain (New Guinea), West Pakistan strain (Pakistan), North Korea strain (Korea), Pakchong strain (Thailand), and Vietnam II strain (Vietnam). The infection rate was determined by dissecting and counting midgut oocysts or salivary glands during the second week after the infectious blood meal. An. freeborni, which were originally from Marysville, California, and have been maintained in the laboratory at CDC since 1944, were used as a positive control because this laboratory-selected colony has a high level of susceptibility to all strains of P. vivax.

Main Article

References
  1. Bruce-Chwatt  LJ. Essential malariology. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1985.
  2. Mayr  E. Animal species and evolution. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1963.
  3. Killick-Kendrick  R. In: Peters W, editor. Rodent malaria. London: Academic Press; 1978.
  4. Collins  WE, Skinner  JC, Pappaioanou  M, Ma  NS, Broderson  JR, Sutton  BB, Infection of Aotus vociferans (karyotype V) monkeys with different strains of Plasmodium vivax. J Parasitol. 1987;73:536–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Collins  WE, Warren  M, Huong  AY, Skinner  JC, Sutton  BB, Stanfill  PS. Studies of comparative infectivity of fifteen strains of Plasmodium vivax to laboratory-reared anopheline mosquitoes, with special reference to Anopheles culicifacies. J Parasitol. 1986;72:521–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Collins  WE, McClure  H, Strobert  E, Skinner  JC, Richardson  BB, Roberts, et al. Experimental infection of Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles freeborni, and Anopheles stephensi with Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1993;9:68–71.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Li  J, Wirtz  RA, McCutchan  TF. Analysis of malaria parasite RNA from decade-old giemsa-stained blood smears and dried mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;57:727–31.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Li  J, Wirtz  RA, McConkey  GA, Sattabongkot  J, McCutchan  TF. Transition of Plasmodium vivax ribosome types corresponds to sporozoite differentiation in the mosquito. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1994;65:283–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Wirtz  RA, Burkot  TR, Andre  RG, Rosenberg  R, Collins  WE, Roberts  DR. Identification of Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:1048–54.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Li  J, Wirtz  RA, McConkey  GA, Sattabongkot  J, Waters  AP, Rogers  MJ, Plasmodium: genus-conserved primers for species identification and quantitation. Exp Parasitol. 1995;81:182–90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Wilson  RJM, Denny  PW, Preiser  PR, Rangachari  K, Roberts  K, Roy  A, Complete gene map of the plastid-like DNA of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. J Mol Biol. 1996;261:155–72. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Waters  AP, McCutchan  TF. Partial sequence of the asexually expressed SU rRNA gene of Plasmodium vivax [published erratum appears in Nucleic Acids Res 1989 May 11;17:3630-1]. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989;17:2135. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Escalante  A, Barrio  E, Ayala  FJ. Evolutionary origin of human and primate malarias: evidence from the circumsporozoite protein gene. Mol Biol Evol. 1995;12:616–26.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Vaidya  AB, Morrisey  J, Plowe  CV, Kaslow  DC, Wellems  TE. Unidirectional dominance of cytoplasmic inheritance in two genetic crosses of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Cell Biol. 1993;13:7349–57.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Gupta  S, Ferguson  N, Anderson  R. Chaos, persistence and evolution of strain structure in antigenically diverse infectious agents. Science. 1998;280:912–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Lal  AA, de la Cruz  VF, Collins  WE, Campbell  GH, Procell  PM, McCutchan  TF. Circumsporozoite protein gene from Plasmodium brasilianum. Animal reservoirs for human malaria parasites? J Biol Chem. 1988;263:5495–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Escalante  AA, Freeland  DE, Collins  WE, Lal  AA. The evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding cytochrome-b from the linear mitochondrial genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:8124–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Kain  KC, Brown  AE, Webster  HK, Wirtz  A, Keystone  JS, Rodriguez  MH, Circumsporozoite genotyping of global isolates of Plasmodium vivax from dried blood specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:1863–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Simpson  GC. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia University Press; 1944.
  20. Coatney  GR, Collins  WE, Warren  M, Contacos  PG. The primate malarias. Bethesda: Dept of Health, Education and Welfare (US); 1971.
  21. Gonzalez-Ceron  L, Rodriquez  MH, Nettel  JC, Villarreal  C, Kain  KC, Hernandez  JE. Differential susceptibilities of Anopheles albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis to infections with coindigenous Plasmodium vivax variants VK210 and VK247 in southern Mexico. Infect Immun. 1999;67:410–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

¹The biologic diversity inherent in P. vivax already justifies the use of a trinomial system for naming its members that includes the designation of subspecies, a taxonomic character given formal recognition in the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. A subspecies is a population or group of populations inhabiting a geographic subdivision of the range of a species and differing from other populations by diagnostic morphologic characteristics.

²The designation of separate species does not require that the two organisms cannot mate and produce viable progeny, only that this does not happen with frequency in natural situations.

Page created: March 16, 2011
Page updated: March 16, 2011
Page reviewed: March 16, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external