Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 9, Number 4—April 2003
Research

Molecular Epidemiology of Human Enterovirus 71 Strains and Recent Outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific Region: Comparative Analysis of the VP1 and VP4 Genes

Mary Jane Cardosa*Comments to Author , David Perera*, Betty A. Brown†, Doosung Cheon‡, Hung Ming Chan*, Kwai Peng Chan§, Haewol Cho‡, and Peter McMinn¶
Author affiliations: *Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia; †Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; ‡National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea; §Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; ¶Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

Main Article

Figure 1

An overview of the genetic relationships of human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) strains isolated from 1970 through 2002. Dendrogram showing the genetic relationships among 53 HEV71 strains based on the alignment of the complete VP4 gene sequence (nucleotide positions 744–950). Details of the HEV71 strains included in the dendrogram are provided in Appendix Tables 1 and 2. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of nucleotide differences. The bootstrap values in 1,000 pseudoreplicates for major li

Figure 1. An overview of the genetic relationships of human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) strains isolated from 1970 through 2002. Dendrogram showing the genetic relationships among 53 HEV71 strains based on the alignment of the complete VP4 gene sequence (nucleotide positions 744–950). Details of the HEV71 strains included in the dendrogram are provided in Appendix Tables 1 and 2. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of nucleotide differences. The bootstrap values in 1,000 pseudoreplicates for major lineages within the dendrogram are shown as percentages. The marker denotes a measurement of relative phylogenetic distance. The VP4 nucleotide sequence of coxsackie virus A16 (CA16) (29) was used as an outgroup in the analysis. *Denotes HEV71 isolates from fatal cases; †denotes HEV71 strains falling outside existing genogroup boundaries.

Main Article

References
  1. Schmidt  NJ, Lennette  EH, Ho  HH. An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients with disease of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis. 1974;129:304–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Ishimaru  Y, Nakano  S, Yamaoka  K, Takami  S. Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease by enterovirus 71: high incidence of complication disorders of central nervous system. Arch Dis Child. 1980;55:583–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Melnick  JL. Enterovirus type 71 infections: a varied clinical pattern sometimes mimicking paralytic poliomyelitis. Rev Infect Dis. 1984;6(Suppl 2):S387–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Alexander  JP, Baden  L, Pallansch  MA, Anderson  LJ. Enterovirus 71 infections and neurologic disease—United States, 1977–1991. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:905–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Gilbert  GL, Dickson  KE, Waters  MJ, Kennett  ML, Land  SA, Sneddon  M. Outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Victoria, Australia, with a high incidence of neurologic involvement. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988;7:484–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Samuda  GM, Chang  WK, Yeung  CY, Tang  PS. Monoplegia caused by enterovirus 71: an outbreak in Hong Kong. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987;6:206–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Chumakov  M, Voroshilova  M, Shindarov  L, Lavrova  I, Gracheva  L, Koroleva  G, Enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease in Bulgaria. Arch Virol. 1979;60:329–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Nagy  G, Takatsy  S, Kukan  E, Mihaly  I, Domok  I. Virological diagnosis of enterovirus type 71 infections: experiences gained during an epidemic of acute CNS diseases in Hungary in 1978. Arch Virol. 1982;71:217–27. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Chan  LG, Parashar  UD, Lye  MS, Ong  FG, Zaki  SR, Alexander  JP, Deaths of children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Sarawak, Malaysia: clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. For the Outbreak Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:678–83. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Ho  M, Chen  ER, Hsu  KH, Twu  SJ, Chen  KT, Tsai  SF, An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. Taiwan Enterovirus Epidemic Working Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:929–35. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Wang  JR, Tuan  YC, Tsai  HP, Yan  JJ, Liu  CC, Su  IJ. Change of major genotype of enterovirus 71 in outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Taiwan between 1998 and 2000. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:10–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Lum  LC, Wong  KT, Lam  SK, Chua  KB, Goh  AY. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema and enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1998;352:1391. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Chang  LY, Huang  YC, Lin  TY. Fulminant neurogenic pulmonary oedema with hand, foot and mouth disease. Lancet. 1998;352:367. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Cardosa  MJ, Krishnan  S, Tio  PH, Perera  D, Wong  SC. Isolation of subgenus B adenovirus during a fatal outbreak of enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in Sibu, Sarawak. Lancet. 1999;354:987–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Shimizu  H, Utama  A, Yoshii  K, Yoshida  H, Yoneyama  T, Sinniah  M, Enterovirus 71 from fatal and nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan in 1997–1998. Jpn J Infect Dis. 1999;52:12–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Wang  JR, Tsai  HP, Chen  PF, Lai  YJ, Yan  JJ, Kiang  D, An outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan, 1998. II. Laboratory diagnosis and genetic analysis. J Clin Virol. 2000;17:91–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Shih  SR, Ho  MS, Lin  KH, Wu  SL, Chen  YT, Wu  CN, Genetic analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from fatal and non-fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic in Taiwan, 1998. Virus Res. 2000;68:127–36. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Singh  S, Chow  VT, Chan  KP, Ling  AE, Poh  CLRT-PCR. nucleotide, amino acid and phylogenetic analyses of enterovirus type 71 strains from Asia. J Virol Methods. 2000;88:193–204. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Chu  PY, Lin  KH, Hwang  KP, Chou  LC, Wang  CF, Shih  SR, Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in Taiwan. Arch Virol. 2001;146:589–600. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. AbuBakar  S, Chee  HY, Al-Kobaisi  MF, Xiaoshan  J, Chua  KB, Lam  SK. Identification of enterovirus 71 isolates from an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) with fatal cases of encephalomyelitis in Malaysia. Virus Res. 1999;61:1–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Brown  BA, Oberste  MS, Alexander  JP Jr, Kennett  ML, Pallansch  MA. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of enterovirus 71 strains isolated from 1970 to 1998. J Virol. 1999;73:9969–75.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. McMinn  P, Lindsay  K, Perera  D, Chan  HM, Chan  KP, Cardosa  MJ. Phylogenetic analysis of enterovirus 71 strains isolated during linked epidemics in Malaysia, Singapore, and Western Australia. J Virol. 2001;75:7732–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Chan  KP, Goh  KT, Chong  CY, Teo  ES, Lau  G, Ling  AE. Epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:78–85.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Brown  BA, Kilpatrick  DR, Oberste  MS, Pallansch  MA. Serotype-specific identification of enterovirus 71 by PCR. J Clin Virol. 2000;16:107–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Thompson  JD, Higgins  DG, Gibson  TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:4673–80. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Felsenstein  J. PHYLIP—phylogeny inference package (version 3.5). Cladistics. 1989;5:164–6.
  27. Page  RD. TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci. 1996;12:357–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Genetics Computer Group. Program manual for the Wisconsin GCG package. 8.0 1994 ed. Madison (WI): Genetics Computer Group; 1994
  29. Poyry  T, Hyypia  T, Horsnell  C, Kinnunen  L, Hovi  T, Stanway  G. Molecular analysis of coxsackie virus A16 reveals a new genetic group of enteroviruses. Virology. 1994;202:982–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Brown  BA, Pallansch  MA. Complete nucleotide sequence of enterovirus 71 is distinct from poliovirus. Virus Res. 1995;39:195–205. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Stanway  G, Hovi  T, Knowles  NJ, Hyypia  T. Molecular and biological basis of Picornavirus taxonomy. In: Semler BL, Wimmer E, editors. Molecular biology of picornaviruses. Washington: ASM Press; 2002. p. 17–24.
  32. Oberste  MS, Maher  K, Kilpatrick  DR, Pallansch  MA. Molecular evolution of the human enteroviruses: correlation of serotype with VP1 sequence and application to picornavirus classification. J Virol. 1999;73:1941–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Rossman  MG, Arnold  A, Erickson  JW, Frankenberger  EA, Griffith  JP, Hecht  HJ, Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature. 1985;317:145–53. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: December 08, 2010
Page updated: December 08, 2010
Page reviewed: December 08, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external