Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 10, Number 7—July 2004
Research

Detection of SARS-associated Coronavirus in Throat Wash and Saliva in Early Diagnosis

Wei-Kung Wang*†, Shey-Ying Chen†1, I-Jung Liu*1, Yee-Chun Chen†, Hui-Ling Chen*, Chao-Fu Yang*, Pei-Jer Chen*, Shiou-Hwei Yeh‡, Chuan-Liang Kao*, Li-Min Huang†, Po-Ren Hsueh†, Jann-Tay Wang†, Wang-Hwei Sheng†, Chi-Tai Fang†, Chien-Ching Hung†, Szu-Min Hsieh†, Chan-Ping Su†, Wen-Chu Chiang†, Jyh-Yuan Yang§, Jih-Hui Lin§, Szu-Chia Hsieh*, Hsien-Ping Hu*, Yu-Ping Chiang*, Jin-Town Wang*, Pan-Chyr Yang†, Shan-Chwen Chang†Comments to Author , and members of the SARS Research Group of the National Taiwan UniversityNational Taiwan University Hospital

Author affiliations: *National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; †National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; ‡National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan; §Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan; 1S.-Y. Chen and I-J. Liu contributed equally to the work.

Main Article

Figure 1

Quantification of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RNA by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. (A) Location of the forward and reverse primers and probe in the genome of SARS-CoV, with the genome positions shown according to the Urbani strain (20). (B) A schematic diagram of the construct, ORF1b/pCRII-TOPO, and the protocol for generating the in vitro transcribed RNA as the standard for the real-time RT-PCR assay is show

Figure 1. Quantification of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RNA by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. (A) Location of the forward and reverse primers and probe in the genome of SARS-CoV, with the genome positions shown according to the Urbani strain (20). (B) A schematic diagram of the construct, ORF1b/pCRII-TOPO, and the protocol for generating the in vitro transcribed RNA as the standard for the real-time RT-PCR assay is shown. The relationship between known input RNA copies to the threshold cycle (CT) is shown at the bottom.

Main Article

References
  1. Tsang  KW, Ho  PL, Ooi  GC, Yee  WK, Wang  T, Chan-Yeung  M, A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:197785. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Lee  N, Hui  D, Wu  A, Chan  P, Cameron  P, Joynt  GM, A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:198694. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Poutanen  SM, Low  DE, Henry  B, Finkelstein  S, Rose  D, Green  K, Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:19952005. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome—worldwide. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:2418.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. World Health Organization. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. [2003 May 14]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/2003_04_21/en/
  6. Ksiazek  TG, Erdman  D, Goldsmith  C, Zaki  SR, Peret  T, Emery  S, A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:195366. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Drosten  C, Gunther  S, Preiser  W, Werf  S, Brodt  HR, Becker  S, Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:196776. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Peiris  JSM, Lai  ST, Poon  LLM, Guan  Y, Yam  LYC, Lim  W, Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361:131925. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Kuiken  T, Fouchier  RAM, Schutten  M, Rimmelzwann  GF, Amerongen  G, Riel  D, Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003;362:26370. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Riley  S, Fraser  C, Donnelly  CA, Ghani  AC, Abu-Raddad  LJ, Hedley  AJ, Transmission dynamics of the etiological agent of SARS in Hong Kong: impact of public health interventions. Science. 2003;300:19616. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Lipsitch  M, Cohen  T, Cooper  B, Robins  JM, Ma  S, James  L, Transmission dynamics and control of the severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science. 2003;300:196670. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. World Health Organization. Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). [cited 2004 Feb 18]. Available from: http://www.who.int /csr/sars/en/index.html
  13. Donnelly  CA, Ghani  AC, Leung  GM, Hedley  AJ, Fraser  C, Riley  S, Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Lancet. 2003;361:17616. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Peiris  JSM, Chu  CH, Cheng  VCC, Chan  KS, Hung  IFN, Poon  LLM, Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. Lancet. 2003;361:17738. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. World Health Organization. Case definitions for surveillance of SARS. [cited 2003 May 1]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/casedefinition/en/
  16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe acute respiratory syndrome—Taiwan 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:4616.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim domestic infection control precautions for aerosol-generating procedures on patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). [cited 2003 Oct 4]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/aerosolin fectioncontrol.htm.
  18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim laboratory biosafety guidelines for handling and processing specimens associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). [2003 Oct 4]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/sarslabguide.htm
  19. Hsueh  PR, Hsiao  SH, Yeh  SH, Wang  WK, Chen  PJ, Wang  JT, Microbiologic characterization, serologic responses, and clinical manifestations in severe acute respiratory syndrome, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:11637.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Rota  PA, Oberste  MS, Monroe  S, Allan  NW, Campagnoli  R, Icenogle  JP, Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science. 2003;300:13949. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Marra  MA, Jones  SJM, Astell  CR, Holt  RA, Brook-Wilson  A, Butterfield  YSN, The genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science. 2003;300:1399404. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Wang  WK, Sung  TL, Tsai  YC, Kao  CL, Chang  SM, King  CC. Detection of dengue virus replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dengue virus type 2-infected patients by a reverse transcription-real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:44728. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Kwok  S, Higuchi  R. Avoiding false positive with PCR. Nature. 1989;339:2378. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Nicholls  JM, Poon  LLM, Lee  KC, Ng  WF, Lai  ST, Leung  CY, Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361:17738. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Lai  MMC, Holmes  KV. Coronaviridae: the virus and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, et al., editors. Fields virology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott William and Wilkins; 2001. p. 1163–85.
  26. Seto  WH, Tsang  D, Yung  RWH, Ching  TY, Ng  TK, Ho  M, Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet. 2003;361:151920. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases among protected health-care workers—Toronto, Canada, April 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:4336.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. World Health Organization. Sampling for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) diagnostic tests. [2003 Oct 4]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/sampling/en/
  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for collection of specimens from potential cases of SARS. [cited 2003 Dec 26]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov /ncidod/sars/ specimen_collection_sars2.htm
  30. Tsang  OTY, Chau  TN, Choi  KW, Tso  EYK, Lim  W, Chiu  MC, Coronavirus-positive nasopharyngeal aspirate as predictor for severe acute respiratory syndrome mortality. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:13817.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

1S.-Y. Chen and I.-J. Liu contributed equally to the work.

Page created: January 27, 2011
Page updated: January 27, 2011
Page reviewed: January 27, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external