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Issue Cover for Volume 10, Number 7—July 2004

Volume 10, Number 7—July 2004

[PDF - 6.39 MB - 175 pages]

Perspective

Environmental and Occupational Health Response to SARS, Taiwan, 2003 [PDF - 209 KB - 8 pages]
E. J. Esswein et al.

The Taiwan Department of Health requested assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in controlling an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The CDC SARS response team included industrial hygiene specialists from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Four NIOSH specialists visited hospitals and medical centers throughout Taiwan and assisted with designing and evaluating ventilation modifications for infection control, developed guidelines for converting hospital rooms into SARS patient isolation rooms, prepared designs for the rapid conversion of a vacated military facility into a SARS screening and observation facility, assessed environmental aspects of dedicated SARS hospitals, and worked in concert with the Taiwanese to develop hospital ventilation guidelines. We describe the environmental findings and observations from this response, including the rapid reconfiguration of medical facilities during a national health emergency, and discuss environmental challenges should SARS or a SARS-like virus emerge again.

EID Esswein EJ, Kiefer M, Wallingford K, Burr G, Lee LJ, Wang J, et al. Environmental and Occupational Health Response to SARS, Taiwan, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1187-1194. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030728
AMA Esswein EJ, Kiefer M, Wallingford K, et al. Environmental and Occupational Health Response to SARS, Taiwan, 2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1187-1194. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030728.
APA Esswein, E. J., Kiefer, M., Wallingford, K., Burr, G., Lee, L. J., Wang, J....Su, I. (2004). Environmental and Occupational Health Response to SARS, Taiwan, 2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1187-1194. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030728.

Malaria Epidemics and Surveillance Systems in Canada [PDF - 326 KB - 7 pages]
J. D. MacLean et al.

In the past decade, fluctuations in numbers of imported malaria cases have been seen in Canada. In 1997–1998, malaria case numbers more than doubled before returning to normal. This increase was seen in no other industrialized country. The Canadian federal malaria surveillance system collects insufficient data to interpret these fluctuations. Using local (sentinel), provincial, federal, and international malaria surveillance data, we evaluate and interpret these fluctuations. Several epidemics are described. With an ever-increasing immigrant and refugee population of tropical origin, improved surveillance will be necessary to guide public health prevention policy and practice. The Canadian experience is likely to be generalizable to other industrialized countries where malaria is a reportable disease within a passive surveillance system.

EID MacLean JD, Demers A, Ndao M, Kokoskin E, Ward BJ, Gyorkos TW. Malaria Epidemics and Surveillance Systems in Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1195-1201. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030826
AMA MacLean JD, Demers A, Ndao M, et al. Malaria Epidemics and Surveillance Systems in Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1195-1201. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030826.
APA MacLean, J. D., Demers, A., Ndao, M., Kokoskin, E., Ward, B. J., & Gyorkos, T. W. (2004). Malaria Epidemics and Surveillance Systems in Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1195-1201. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030826.

Estimating Time and Size of Bioterror Attack [PDF - 78 KB - 4 pages]
J. Walden and E. H. Kaplan

In the event of a bioterror attack, rapidly estimating the size and time of attack enables short-run forecasts of the number of persons who will be symptomatic and require medical care. We present a Bayesian approach to this problem for use in real time and illustrate it with data from a simulated anthrax attack. The method is simple enough to be implemented in a spreadsheet.

EID Walden J, Kaplan EH. Estimating Time and Size of Bioterror Attack. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1202-1205. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030632
AMA Walden J, Kaplan EH. Estimating Time and Size of Bioterror Attack. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1202-1205. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030632.
APA Walden, J., & Kaplan, E. H. (2004). Estimating Time and Size of Bioterror Attack. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1202-1205. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030632.
Research

Detection of SARS-associated Coronavirus in Throat Wash and Saliva in Early Diagnosis [PDF - 146 KB - 7 pages]
W. Wang et al.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is thought to be transmitted primarily through dispersal of droplets, but little is known about the load of SARS-CoV in oral droplets. We examined oral specimens, including throat wash and saliva, and found large amounts of SARS-CoV RNA in both throat wash (9.58 x 102 to 5.93 x 106 copies/mL) and saliva (7.08 x 103 to 6.38 x 108 copies/mL) from all specimens of 17 consecutive probable SARS case-patients, supporting the possibility of transmission through oral droplets. Immunofluorescence study showed replication of SARS-CoV in the cells derived from throat wash, demonstrating the possibility of developing a convenient antigen detection assay. This finding, with the high detection rate a median of 4 days after disease onset and before the development of lung lesions in four cases, suggests that throat wash and saliva should be included in sample collection guidelines for SARS diagnosis.

EID Wang W, Chen S, Liu I, Chen Y, Chen H, Yang C, et al. Detection of SARS-associated Coronavirus in Throat Wash and Saliva in Early Diagnosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1213-1219. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031113
AMA Wang W, Chen S, Liu I, et al. Detection of SARS-associated Coronavirus in Throat Wash and Saliva in Early Diagnosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1213-1219. doi:10.3201/eid1007.031113.
APA Wang, W., Chen, S., Liu, I., Chen, Y., Chen, H., Yang, C....Chang, S. (2004). Detection of SARS-associated Coronavirus in Throat Wash and Saliva in Early Diagnosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1213-1219. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031113.

Alert Threshold Algorithms and Malaria Epidemic Detection [PDF - 173 KB - 7 pages]
H. D. Teklehaimanot et al.

We describe a method for comparing the ability of different alert threshold algorithms to detect malaria epidemics and use it with a dataset consisting of weekly malaria cases collected from health facilities in 10 districts of Ethiopia from 1990 to 2000. Four types of alert threshold algorithms are compared: weekly percentile, weekly mean with standard deviation (simple, moving average, and log-transformed case numbers), slide positivity proportion, and slope of weekly cases on log scale. To compare dissimilar alert types on a single scale, a curve was plotted for each type of alert, which showed potentially prevented cases versus number of alerts triggered over 10 years. Simple weekly percentile cutoffs appear to be as good as more complex algorithms for detecting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia. The comparative method developed here may be useful for testing other proposed alert thresholds and for application in other populations.

EID Teklehaimanot HD, Schwartz J, Teklehaimanot A, Lipsitch M. Alert Threshold Algorithms and Malaria Epidemic Detection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1220-1226. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030722
AMA Teklehaimanot HD, Schwartz J, Teklehaimanot A, et al. Alert Threshold Algorithms and Malaria Epidemic Detection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1220-1226. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030722.
APA Teklehaimanot, H. D., Schwartz, J., Teklehaimanot, A., & Lipsitch, M. (2004). Alert Threshold Algorithms and Malaria Epidemic Detection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1220-1226. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030722.

Recombinant Viruses and Early Global HIV-1 Epidemic [PDF - 409 KB - 8 pages]
M. L. Kalish et al.

Central Africa was the epicenter of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic. Understanding the early epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire, could provide insight into how HIV evolved and assist vaccine design and intervention efforts. Using enzyme immunosorbent assay, we tested 3,988 serum samples collected in Kinshasa in the mid-1980s and confirmed seroreactivity by Western blot. Polymerase chain reaction of gag p17, env C2V3C3, and/or gp41; DNA sequencing; and genetic analyses were performed. Gene regions representing all the HIV-1 group M clades and unclassifiable sequences were found. From two or three short gene regions, 37% of the strains represented recombinant viruses, multiple infections, or both, which suggests that if whole genome sequences were available, most of these strains would have mosaic genomes. We propose that the HIV epidemic was established in Central Africa by the early 1980s and that some recombinant viruses most likely seeded the early global epidemic.

EID Kalish ML, Robbins KE, Pieniazek D, Schaefer A, Nzilambi N, Quinn TC, et al. Recombinant Viruses and Early Global HIV-1 Epidemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1227-1234. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030904
AMA Kalish ML, Robbins KE, Pieniazek D, et al. Recombinant Viruses and Early Global HIV-1 Epidemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1227-1234. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030904.
APA Kalish, M. L., Robbins, K. E., Pieniazek, D., Schaefer, A., Nzilambi, N., Quinn, T. C....Folks, T. M. (2004). Recombinant Viruses and Early Global HIV-1 Epidemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1227-1234. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030904.

Molecular Analysis of Plasmodium ovale Variants [PDF - 242 KB - 6 pages]
T. T. Win et al.

Complete DNA sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene and partial sequences of three other loci were obtained from three variant-type and three classic-type Plasmodium ovale isolates from Southeast Asia and compared with GenBank-available data. Three different SSUrRNA sequences (Pov 1–3) were found in each variant-type isolate, and two different SSUrRNA sequences (Poc 1–2) in each classic-type isolate. Pov 1–3 were closer to sequences previously found in the Cameroon and MAL/MAI isolates, whereas Poc 1–2 were closer to sequences previously found in two clones of the Nigerian I/CDC strain. The 3′ half of Pov 1–3 was identical to the partial sequence of the SSUrRNA gene from the London School (LS) strain. Results support grouping P. ovale into two groups, the classic type (including the Nigerian I/CDC strain) and the variant type (Cameroon, MAL/MAI, and LS isolates).

EID Win TT, Jalloh A, Tantular IS, Tsuboi T, Ferreira MU, Kimura M, et al. Molecular Analysis of Plasmodium ovale Variants. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1235-1240. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030411
AMA Win TT, Jalloh A, Tantular IS, et al. Molecular Analysis of Plasmodium ovale Variants. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1235-1240. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030411.
APA Win, T. T., Jalloh, A., Tantular, I. S., Tsuboi, T., Ferreira, M. U., Kimura, M....Kawamoto, F. (2004). Molecular Analysis of Plasmodium ovale Variants. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1235-1240. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030411.

Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Case-Control Study with Genotyping [PDF - 288 KB - 9 pages]
P. R. Hunter et al.

We report a case-control study of sporadic cryptosporidiosis with genotyping of isolates from case-patients. A postal questionnaire was completed by 427 patients and 427 controls. We obtained genotyping data on isolates from 191patients; 115 were Cryptosporidium hominis, and 76 were C. parvum. When all cryptosporidiosis cases were analyzed, three variables were strongly associated with illness: travel outside the United Kingdom, contact with another person with diarrhea, and touching cattle. Eating ice cream and eating raw vegetables were both strongly negatively associated with illness. Helping a child <5 years of age to use the toilet and the number of glasses of tap water drunk at home each day were also independently positively associated with risk. Eating tomatoes was negatively associated. For C. hominis infections, the strongly significant risk factors were travel abroad and changing diapers of children <5 years of age. For C. parvum, eating raw vegetables and eating tomatoes were strongly negatively associated with illness; touching any farm animals was associated with illness.

EID Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, Syed Q, Verlander NQ, Chalmers RM, et al. Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Case-Control Study with Genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1241-1249. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030582
AMA Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, et al. Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Case-Control Study with Genotyping. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1241-1249. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030582.
APA Hunter, P. R., Hughes, S., Woodhouse, S., Syed, Q., Verlander, N. Q., Chalmers, R. M....Osborn, K. (2004). Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Case-Control Study with Genotyping. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1241-1249. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030582.

Fluoroquinolone and Other Antimicrobial Resistance in Invasive Pneumococci, Hong Kong, 1995–2001 [PDF - 236 KB - 8 pages]
P. Ho et al.

We determined the susceptibilities of 265 invasive isolates of pneumococci obtained during 1995 to 2001 in Hong Kong to 11 antimicrobial agents and their serotypes. Overall, 62.6% isolates were susceptible to penicillin, 20% were intermediately resistant, and 17.4% were resistant. The overall prevalence of levofloxacin resistance (MIC >8 μg/mL) was 3.8% but increased to 15.2% among the penicillin-resistant isolates. All levofloxacin-resistant isolates were clonally related; had reduced susceptibility to penicillin, cefotaxime, and clarithromycin; and were derived from adults >50 years of age. Of the penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci, 90% were from children <5 years of age, and 54.8% from persons of all ages are of serotypes that are included in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; 93.5% from children <5 years of age and 93% from persons of all ages are of serotypes that are included in the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine.

EID Ho P, Que T, Chiu SS, Yung RW, Ng T, Tsang DN, et al. Fluoroquinolone and Other Antimicrobial Resistance in Invasive Pneumococci, Hong Kong, 1995–2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1250-1257. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030612
AMA Ho P, Que T, Chiu SS, et al. Fluoroquinolone and Other Antimicrobial Resistance in Invasive Pneumococci, Hong Kong, 1995–2001. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1250-1257. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030612.
APA Ho, P., Que, T., Chiu, S. S., Yung, R. W., Ng, T., Tsang, D. N....Lau, Y. (2004). Fluoroquinolone and Other Antimicrobial Resistance in Invasive Pneumococci, Hong Kong, 1995–2001. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1250-1257. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030612.

Model Parameters and Outbreak Control for SARS [PDF - 275 KB - 6 pages]
G. Chowell et al.

Control of the 2002–2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak was based on rapid diagnosis coupled with effective patient isolation. We used uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the basic reproductive number R0 to assess the role that model parameters play in outbreak control. The transmission rate and isolation effectiveness have the largest fractional effect on R0. We estimated the distribution of the reproductive number R0 under perfect isolation conditions. The distribution lies in the interquartile range 0.19–1.08, with a median of 0.49. Even though the median of R0 is <1, we found that 25% of our R0 distribution lies at R0 > 1, even with perfect isolation. This implies the need to simultaneously apply more than one method of control.

EID Chowell G, Castillo-Chavez C, Fenimore PW, Kribs-Zaleta CM, Arriola L, Hyman JM. Model Parameters and Outbreak Control for SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1258-1263. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030647
AMA Chowell G, Castillo-Chavez C, Fenimore PW, et al. Model Parameters and Outbreak Control for SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1258-1263. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030647.
APA Chowell, G., Castillo-Chavez, C., Fenimore, P. W., Kribs-Zaleta, C. M., Arriola, L., & Hyman, J. M. (2004). Model Parameters and Outbreak Control for SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1258-1263. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030647.

Wind in November, Q fever in December [PDF - 179 KB - 6 pages]
H. Tissot-Dupont et al.

Q fever, a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, can be transmitted from animal reservoirs to humans by the inhalation of infected aerosols. We investigated the epidemiology of Q fever in the Bouches-du-Rhone district of southern France, particularly the role of wind and rainfall in C. burnetii transmission. During the winter of 1998 to 1999, an unexpected number of cases were diagnosed in the area. This statistically higher incidence was associated with an increased frequency of the mistral 1 month before onset of disease, i.e., shortly after the main lambing season. These data confirm that wind plays a role in C. burnetii transmission, a factor that can be monitored but not prevented. Further studies are needed to identify and confirm preventable individual behavioral risk factors for Q fever.

EID Tissot-Dupont H, Amadei M, Nezri M, Raoult D. Wind in November, Q fever in December. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1264-1269. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030724
AMA Tissot-Dupont H, Amadei M, Nezri M, et al. Wind in November, Q fever in December. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1264-1269. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030724.
APA Tissot-Dupont, H., Amadei, M., Nezri, M., & Raoult, D. (2004). Wind in November, Q fever in December. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1264-1269. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030724.

Rapid Assessment Tool for Haemophilus influenzae type b Disease in Developing Countries [PDF - 164 KB - 7 pages]
D. R. Feikin et al.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) still causes a substantial number of deaths among children in developing countries, despite the availability of effective conjugate vaccines. A major obstacle in developing a Hib vaccine has been limited awareness about the impact of Hib disease. A tool was developed to estimate the national rates of Hib meningitis and pneumonia by assessing retrospective local data over 7 to 10 days. Data from 11 countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia were studied and showed rates of Hib meningitis from >50 cases per 100,000 children >5 years in Ghana and Uganda to <15 per 100,000 in Iran, Jordan, and Uzbekistan. Results were affected by the quality of available data. The Hib rapid assessment tool can be useful to countries that desire a timely assessment of Hib disease rates.

EID Feikin DR, Nelson CB, Watt JP, Mohsni E, Wenger JD, Levine OS. Rapid Assessment Tool for Haemophilus influenzae type b Disease in Developing Countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1270-1276. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030737
AMA Feikin DR, Nelson CB, Watt JP, et al. Rapid Assessment Tool for Haemophilus influenzae type b Disease in Developing Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1270-1276. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030737.
APA Feikin, D. R., Nelson, C. B., Watt, J. P., Mohsni, E., Wenger, J. D., & Levine, O. S. (2004). Rapid Assessment Tool for Haemophilus influenzae type b Disease in Developing Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1270-1276. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030737.

Nosocomial Infection with Vancomycin-dependent Enterococci [PDF - 209 KB - 5 pages]
P. A. Tambyah et al.

We report three patients infected with unique strains of vancomycin-dependent enterococci. Two were first infected by genetically identical strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). All three patients had much greater exposure to vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins than did two control groups (patients infected with VRE and hospitalized patients without enterococcal infections). While antimicrobial pressure promotes nosocomial colonization by VRE, prolonged exposure to vancomycin may foster the transition from vancomycin resistance to dependence.

EID Tambyah PA, Marx JA, Maki DG. Nosocomial Infection with Vancomycin-dependent Enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1277-1281. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030993
AMA Tambyah PA, Marx JA, Maki DG. Nosocomial Infection with Vancomycin-dependent Enterococci. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1277-1281. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030993.
APA Tambyah, P. A., Marx, J. A., & Maki, D. G. (2004). Nosocomial Infection with Vancomycin-dependent Enterococci. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1277-1281. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030993.

Q Fever Outbreak in Industrial Setting [PDF - 122 KB - 8 pages]
H. C. van Woerden et al.

An outbreak of Q fever occurred in South Wales, United Kingdom, from July 15 through September 30, 2002. To investigate the outbreak a cohort and nested case-control study of persons who had worked at a cardboard manufacturing plant was conducted. The cohort included 282 employees and subcontractors, of whom 253 (90%) provided blood samples and 214 (76%) completed questionnaires. Ninety-five cases of acute Q fever were identified. The epidemic curve and other data suggested an outbreak source likely occurred August 5–9, 2002. Employees in the factory’s offices were at greatest risk for infection (odds ratio 3.46; 95% confidence interval 1.38–9.06). The offices were undergoing renovation work around the time of likely exposure and contained straw board that had repeatedly been drilled. The outbreak may have been caused by aerosolization of Coxiella burnetii spore-like forms during drilling into contaminated straw board.

EID van Woerden HC, Mason BW, Nehaul LK, Smith R, Salmon RL, Healy B, et al. Q Fever Outbreak in Industrial Setting. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1282-1289. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030536
AMA van Woerden HC, Mason BW, Nehaul LK, et al. Q Fever Outbreak in Industrial Setting. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1282-1289. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030536.
APA van Woerden, H. C., Mason, B. W., Nehaul, L. K., Smith, R., Salmon, R. L., Healy, B....Williams, N. S. (2004). Q Fever Outbreak in Industrial Setting. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1282-1289. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030536.

Collecting Data To Assess SARS Interventions [PDF - 74 KB - 3 pages]
R. Scott et al.

With cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurring across geographic regions, data collection on the effectiveness of intervention strategies should be standardized to facilitate analysis. We propose a minimum dataset to capture data needed to examine the basic reproduction rate, case status and criteria, symptoms, and outcomes of SARS.

EID Scott R, Gregg EW, Meltzer MI. Collecting Data To Assess SARS Interventions. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1290-1292. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030749
AMA Scott R, Gregg EW, Meltzer MI. Collecting Data To Assess SARS Interventions. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1290-1292. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030749.
APA Scott, R., Gregg, E. W., & Meltzer, M. I. (2004). Collecting Data To Assess SARS Interventions. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1290-1292. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030749.

SARS Control and Psychological Effects of Quarantine, Toronto, Canada [PDF - 76 KB - 7 pages]
L. Hawryluck et al.

As a transmissible infectious disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was successfully contained globally by instituting widespread quarantine measures. Although these measures were successful in terminating the outbreak in all areas of the world, the adverse effects of quarantine have not previously been determined in a systematic manner. In this hypothesis-generating study supported by a convenience sample drawn in close temporal proximity to the period of quarantine, we examined the psychological effects of quarantine on persons in Toronto, Canada. The 129 quarantined persons who responded to a Web-based survey exhibited a high prevalence of psychological distress. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression were observed in 28.9% and 31.2% of respondents, respectively. Longer durations of quarantine were associated with an increased prevalence of PTSD symptoms. Acquaintance with or direct exposure to someone with a diagnosis of SARS was also associated with PTSD and depressive symptoms.

EID Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS Control and Psychological Effects of Quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1206-1212. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030703
AMA Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, et al. SARS Control and Psychological Effects of Quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1206-1212. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030703.
APA Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., & Styra, R. (2004). SARS Control and Psychological Effects of Quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1206-1212. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030703.
Dispatches

Mice Susceptible to SARS Coronavirus [PDF - 250 KB - 4 pages]
D. E. Wentworth et al.

Murine models of severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) will greatly advance research on this emerging virus. When BALB/c mice were simultaneously inoculated intranasally and orally, replication of SARS-CoV was found in both lung and intestinal tissue.

EID Wentworth DE, Gillim-Ross L, Espina N, Bernard KA. Mice Susceptible to SARS Coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1293-1296. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031119
AMA Wentworth DE, Gillim-Ross L, Espina N, et al. Mice Susceptible to SARS Coronavirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1293-1296. doi:10.3201/eid1007.031119.
APA Wentworth, D. E., Gillim-Ross, L., Espina, N., & Bernard, K. A. (2004). Mice Susceptible to SARS Coronavirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1293-1296. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031119.

Q Fever Outbreak in Homeless Shelter [PDF - 95 KB - 3 pages]
P. Brouqui et al.

Urban outbreaks of Q fever have occurred after exposure to slaughterhouses or parturient cats. We detected an outbreak of Q fever in a homeless shelter in Marseilles. Investigations showed that the main factors exposing persons to Coxiella burnetii were an abandoned slaughterhouse used for an annual Muslim sheep feast and wind.

EID Brouqui P, Badiaga S, Raoult D. Q Fever Outbreak in Homeless Shelter. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1297-1299. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031020
AMA Brouqui P, Badiaga S, Raoult D. Q Fever Outbreak in Homeless Shelter. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1297-1299. doi:10.3201/eid1007.031020.
APA Brouqui, P., Badiaga, S., & Raoult, D. (2004). Q Fever Outbreak in Homeless Shelter. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1297-1299. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031020.

SARS Coronavirus Detection [PDF - 186 KB - 4 pages]
A. Nitsche et al.

We developed a set of three real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that amplify three different regions of the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), can be run in parallel or in a single tube, and can detect <10 genome equivalents of SARS-CoV. The assays consider all currently available SARS-CoV sequences and are optimized for two prominent real-time PCR platforms.

EID Nitsche A, Schweiger B, Ellerbrok H, Niedrig M, Pauli G. SARS Coronavirus Detection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1300-1303. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030678
AMA Nitsche A, Schweiger B, Ellerbrok H, et al. SARS Coronavirus Detection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1300-1303. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030678.
APA Nitsche, A., Schweiger, B., Ellerbrok, H., Niedrig, M., & Pauli, G. (2004). SARS Coronavirus Detection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1300-1303. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030678.

Family Cluster of Mayaro Fever, Venezuela [PDF - 71 KB - 3 pages]
J. R. Torres et al.

A cluster of protracted migratory polyarthritis involving four adult family members occurred in January 2000 after a brief overnight outing in a rural area of Venezuela. Laboratory testing demonstrated Mayaro virus as the cause of the cluster. These results documented the first human cases of Mayaro virus in Venezuela.

EID Torres JR, Russell KL, Vasquez C, Tesh RB, Salas R, Watts DM. Family Cluster of Mayaro Fever, Venezuela. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1304-1306. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030860
AMA Torres JR, Russell KL, Vasquez C, et al. Family Cluster of Mayaro Fever, Venezuela. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1304-1306. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030860.
APA Torres, J. R., Russell, K. L., Vasquez, C., Tesh, R. B., Salas, R., & Watts, D. M. (2004). Family Cluster of Mayaro Fever, Venezuela. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1304-1306. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030860.

Emergence of Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Paratyphi B dT, Canada [PDF - 93 KB - 4 pages]
M. R. Mulvey et al.

We document an increase in the number of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT+ identified in Canada. Most of these strains harbor Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). Further studies are needed to determine factors contributing to the observed emergence of this multidrug-resistant strain.

EID Mulvey MR, Boyd D, Cloeckaert A, Ahmed R, Ng L. Emergence of Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Paratyphi B dT, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1307-1310. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030862
AMA Mulvey MR, Boyd D, Cloeckaert A, et al. Emergence of Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Paratyphi B dT, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1307-1310. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030862.
APA Mulvey, M. R., Boyd, D., Cloeckaert, A., Ahmed, R., & Ng, L. (2004). Emergence of Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Paratyphi B dT, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1307-1310. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030862.

Bartonella spp. DNA Associated with Biting Flies from California [PDF - 221 KB - 3 pages]
C. Y. Chung et al.

Bartonella DNA was investigated in 104 horn flies (Haematobia spp.), 60 stable flies (Stomoxys spp.), 11 deer flies (Chrysops spp.), and 11 horse flies (Tabanus spp.) collected on cattle in California. Partial sequencing indicated B. bovis DNA in the horn fly pool and B. henselae type II DNA in one stable fly.

EID Chung CY, Kasten RW, Paff SM, Van Horn BA, Vayssier-Taussat M, Boulouis H, et al. Bartonella spp. DNA Associated with Biting Flies from California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1311-1313. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030896
AMA Chung CY, Kasten RW, Paff SM, et al. Bartonella spp. DNA Associated with Biting Flies from California. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1311-1313. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030896.
APA Chung, C. Y., Kasten, R. W., Paff, S. M., Van Horn, B. A., Vayssier-Taussat, M., Boulouis, H....Chomel, B. B. (2004). Bartonella spp. DNA Associated with Biting Flies from California. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1311-1313. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030896.

Phylogenetic Analysis of West Nile Virus, Nuevo Leon State, Mexico [PDF - 146 KB - 4 pages]
B. J. Blitvich et al.

West Nile virus RNA was detected in brain tissue from a horse that died in June 2003 in Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the premembrane and envelope genes showed that the virus was most closely related to West Nile virus isolates from Texas in 2002.

EID Blitvich BJ, Fernández-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Loroño-Pino MA, Marlenee NL, Díaz FJ, et al. Phylogenetic Analysis of West Nile Virus, Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1314-1317. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030959
AMA Blitvich BJ, Fernández-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, et al. Phylogenetic Analysis of West Nile Virus, Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1314-1317. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030959.
APA Blitvich, B. J., Fernández-Salas, I., Contreras-Cordero, J. F., Loroño-Pino, M. A., Marlenee, N. L., Díaz, F. J....Beaty, B. J. (2004). Phylogenetic Analysis of West Nile Virus, Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1314-1317. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030959.

Human Metapneumovirus and Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease [PDF - 39 KB - 3 pages]
I. Lazar et al.

We screened 23 children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease and 23 children with mild RSV disease for human metapneumovirus (HMPV). Although HMPV was circulating in Connecticut, none of the 46 RSV-infected patients tested positive for HMPV. In our study population, HMPV did not contribute to the severity of RSV disease.

EID Lazar I, Weibel C, Dziura J, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS. Human Metapneumovirus and Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1318-1320. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030983
AMA Lazar I, Weibel C, Dziura J, et al. Human Metapneumovirus and Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1318-1320. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030983.
APA Lazar, I., Weibel, C., Dziura, J., Ferguson, D., Landry, M. L., & Kahn, J. S. (2004). Human Metapneumovirus and Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1318-1320. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030983.

Atypical Avian Influenza (H5N1) [PDF - 144 KB - 4 pages]
A. Apisarnthanarak et al.

We report the first case of avian influenza in a patient with fever and diarrhea but no respiratory symptoms. Avian influenza should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly if they have a history of exposure to poultry.

EID Apisarnthanarak A, Kitphati R, Thongphubeth K, Patoomanunt P, Anthanont P, Auwanit W, et al. Atypical Avian Influenza (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1321-1324. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040415
AMA Apisarnthanarak A, Kitphati R, Thongphubeth K, et al. Atypical Avian Influenza (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1321-1324. doi:10.3201/eid1007.040415.
APA Apisarnthanarak, A., Kitphati, R., Thongphubeth, K., Patoomanunt, P., Anthanont, P., Auwanit, W....Fraser, V. J. (2004). Atypical Avian Influenza (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1321-1324. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040415.
Letters

Transporting Patient with Suspected SARS [PDF - 26 KB - 2 pages]
S. Tsai et al.
EID Tsai S, Tsang C, Wu H, Lu L, Pai Y, Olsen M, et al. Transporting Patient with Suspected SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1325-1326. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030608
AMA Tsai S, Tsang C, Wu H, et al. Transporting Patient with Suspected SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1325-1326. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030608.
APA Tsai, S., Tsang, C., Wu, H., Lu, L., Pai, Y., Olsen, M....Chiu, W. (2004). Transporting Patient with Suspected SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1325-1326. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030608.

Psychosocial Impact of SARS [PDF - 26 KB - 2 pages]
H. W. Tsang et al.
EID Tsang HW, Scudds RJ, Chan EY. Psychosocial Impact of SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1326-1327. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040090
AMA Tsang HW, Scudds RJ, Chan EY. Psychosocial Impact of SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1326-1327. doi:10.3201/eid1007.040090.
APA Tsang, H. W., Scudds, R. J., & Chan, E. Y. (2004). Psychosocial Impact of SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1326-1327. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040090.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu, Japan [PDF - 26 KB - 3 pages]
K. Inoue
EID Inoue K. Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1327-1328. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040116
AMA Inoue K. Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1327-1328. doi:10.3201/eid1007.040116.
APA Inoue, K. (2004). Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1327-1328. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040116.

Syndromic Surveillance [PDF - 50 KB - 3 pages]
Z. F. Dembek et al.
EID Dembek ZF, Buehler JW, Cochrane DG, Berkelman RL, Pavlin JA, Hartley DM, et al. Syndromic Surveillance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1333-1335. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031035
AMA Dembek ZF, Buehler JW, Cochrane DG, et al. Syndromic Surveillance. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1333-1335. doi:10.3201/eid1007.031035.
APA Dembek, Z. F., Buehler, J. W., Cochrane, D. G., Berkelman, R. L., Pavlin, J. A., Hartley, D. M....Peters, C. J. (2004). Syndromic Surveillance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1333-1335. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031035.

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia hermanii in Diabetes Patient [PDF - 34 KB - 3 pages]
G. A. Popescu et al.
EID Popescu GA, Daha I, Popescu C, Mitache E. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia hermanii in Diabetes Patient. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1335-1337. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030567
AMA Popescu GA, Daha I, Popescu C, et al. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia hermanii in Diabetes Patient. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1335-1337. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030567.
APA Popescu, G. A., Daha, I., Popescu, C., & Mitache, E. (2004). Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia hermanii in Diabetes Patient. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1335-1337. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030567.

Multiple rpoB Mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Second-order Selection [PDF - 30 KB - 2 pages]
I. Mokrousov
EID Mokrousov I. Multiple rpoB Mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Second-order Selection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1337-1338. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030598
AMA Mokrousov I. Multiple rpoB Mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Second-order Selection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1337-1338. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030598.
APA Mokrousov, I. (2004). Multiple rpoB Mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Second-order Selection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1337-1338. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030598.

Human Metapneumovirus and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [PDF - 29 KB - 2 pages]
D. Vicente et al.
EID Vicente D, Montes M, Cilla G, Pérez-Trallero E. Human Metapneumovirus and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1338-1339. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030633
AMA Vicente D, Montes M, Cilla G, et al. Human Metapneumovirus and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1338-1339. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030633.
APA Vicente, D., Montes, M., Cilla, G., & Pérez-Trallero, E. (2004). Human Metapneumovirus and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1338-1339. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030633.

Integrons in Salmonella Keurmassar, Senegal [PDF - 48 KB - 3 pages]
A. Gassama-Sow et al.
EID Gassama-Sow A, Aïdara-Kane A, Raked N, Denis F, Ploy M. Integrons in Salmonella Keurmassar, Senegal. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1339-1341. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030666
AMA Gassama-Sow A, Aïdara-Kane A, Raked N, et al. Integrons in Salmonella Keurmassar, Senegal. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1339-1341. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030666.
APA Gassama-Sow, A., Aïdara-Kane, A., Raked, N., Denis, F., & Ploy, M. (2004). Integrons in Salmonella Keurmassar, Senegal. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1339-1341. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030666.

Hepatitis B Infection, Eastern India [PDF - 43 KB - 2 pages]
K. Sarkar et al.
EID Sarkar K, Ganguly DN, Bal B, Saha MK, Bhattacharya SK. Hepatitis B Infection, Eastern India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1341-1342. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030766
AMA Sarkar K, Ganguly DN, Bal B, et al. Hepatitis B Infection, Eastern India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1341-1342. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030766.
APA Sarkar, K., Ganguly, D. N., Bal, B., Saha, M. K., & Bhattacharya, S. K. (2004). Hepatitis B Infection, Eastern India. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1341-1342. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030766.

Ehrlichia Prevalence in Amblyomma americanum, Central Texas [PDF - 32 KB - 2 pages]
S. W. Long et al.
EID Long SW, Pound JM, Zhao L. Ehrlichia Prevalence in Amblyomma americanum, Central Texas. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1342-1343. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030792
AMA Long SW, Pound JM, Zhao L. Ehrlichia Prevalence in Amblyomma americanum, Central Texas. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1342-1343. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030792.
APA Long, S. W., Pound, J. M., & Zhao, L. (2004). Ehrlichia Prevalence in Amblyomma americanum, Central Texas. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1342-1343. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030792.

Echinococcus multilocularis in Northern Hungary [PDF - 101 KB - 3 pages]
T. Sréter et al.
EID Sréter T, Széll Z, Sréter-Lancz Z, Varga I. Echinococcus multilocularis in Northern Hungary. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1344-1346. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031027
AMA Sréter T, Széll Z, Sréter-Lancz Z, et al. Echinococcus multilocularis in Northern Hungary. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1344-1346. doi:10.3201/eid1007.031027.
APA Sréter, T., Széll, Z., Sréter-Lancz, Z., & Varga, I. (2004). Echinococcus multilocularis in Northern Hungary. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1344-1346. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031027.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter [PDF - 32 KB - 1 page]
N. M. Iovine and M. J. Blaser
EID Iovine NM, Blaser MJ. Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1346. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040580
AMA Iovine NM, Blaser MJ. Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1346. doi:10.3201/eid1007.040580.
APA Iovine, N. M., & Blaser, M. J. (2004). Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1346. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040580.
Books and Media

Manual of Travel Medicine and Health [PDF - 16 KB - 1 page]
D. L. Posey
EID Posey DL. Manual of Travel Medicine and Health. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1347. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031004
AMA Posey DL. Manual of Travel Medicine and Health. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1347. doi:10.3201/eid1007.031004.
APA Posey, D. L. (2004). Manual of Travel Medicine and Health. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1347. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.031004.

The Vaccine Book [PDF - 52 KB - 2 pages]
B. G. Weniger
EID Weniger BG. The Vaccine Book. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1347-1348. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030910
AMA Weniger BG. The Vaccine Book. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1347-1348. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030910.
APA Weniger, B. G. (2004). The Vaccine Book. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1347-1348. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030910.
About the Cover

Biologic Agents and Disease Emergence [PDF - 220 KB - 2 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. Biologic Agents and Disease Emergence. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1354-1355. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.ac1007
AMA Potter P. Biologic Agents and Disease Emergence. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1354-1355. doi:10.3201/eid1007.ac1007.
APA Potter, P. (2004). Biologic Agents and Disease Emergence. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1354-1355. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.ac1007.
Conference Summaries

Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS? [PDF - 22 KB - 2 pages]
A. P. Galvani
EID Galvani AP. Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS?. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1351-1352. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040166
AMA Galvani AP. Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS?. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1351-1352. doi:10.3201/eid1007.040166.
APA Galvani, A. P. (2004). Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS?. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1351-1352. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040166.

Open Access Publishing [PDF - 23 KB - 2 pages]
J. A. Rankin and S. G. Franklin
EID Rankin JA, Franklin SG. Open Access Publishing. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1352-1353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040122
AMA Rankin JA, Franklin SG. Open Access Publishing. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1352-1353. doi:10.3201/eid1007.040122.
APA Rankin, J. A., & Franklin, S. G. (2004). Open Access Publishing. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1352-1353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040122.
News and Notes

Segue: West Nile Virus [PDF - 70 KB - 2 pages]
EID Segue: West Nile Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1349-1350. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040412
AMA Segue: West Nile Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1349-1350. doi:10.3201/eid1007.040412.
APA (2004). Segue: West Nile Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1349-1350. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.040412.
Page created: January 26, 2024
Page updated: January 26, 2024
Page reviewed: January 26, 2024
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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