Volume 12, Number 10—October 2006
Research
Health Benefits, Risks, and Cost-Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination of Children
, Carolyn Buxton Bridges‡, Timothy M. Uyeki‡, Virginia L. Hinrichsen*†, Martin I. Meltzer‡, Noelle-Angelique M. Molinari‡, Benjamin Schwartz‡, William W. Thompson‡, Keiji Fukuda‡, and Tracy A. Lieu*†§
Table A3
Health benefits, risks, and costs of influenza vaccination of varying age and risk groups, means (95% CI)*†‡
| Per 1,000 children | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cost of vaccination program§ | Savings from influenza disease averted | Net costs | Influenza events averted (all) | Influenza hospitalizations averted | Deaths averted | Vaccine adverse events incurred (medically attended)¶ | QALYs gained (95% CI32) | ||
| Healthy | Using inactivated influenza vaccine | ||||||||
| 6–23 mo | $79,000 | $42,000 | 37,000 (–119,000 to 98,000) | 108 (16–276) | 2 (0.2–6) | 0.002 (0–0.007) | 21 (8–47) | 3.0 (0.4–9.0) | |
| 2 y | $66,000 | $23,000 | 43,000 (–40,000 to 83,000) | 107 (15–276) | 1.2 (0.1–4.2) | 0.001 (0–0.005) | 14 (5–30) | 2.4 (0.3–7.3) | |
| 3–4 y | $59,000 | $12,000 | 47,000 (2,000–78,000) | 107 (15–276) | 0.6 (0; 2.3) | 0.0005 (0–0.0025) | 10 (3–24) | 1.7 (0.2–5.2) | |
| 5–11 y | $49,000 | $5,000 | 44,000 (21,000–68,000) | 55 (8–142) | 0.2 (0–0.7) | 0.0002 (0–0.0008) | 5 (2–11) | 0.6 (0.1–1.7) | |
| 12–17 y | $49,000 | $5,000 | 44,000 (22,000–68,000) | 41 (6–104) | 0.2 (0–0.6) | 0.0002 (0–0.0008) | 3 (1–8) | 0.4 (0–1.1) | |
| High risk: | Using inactivated influenza vaccine | ||||||||
| 6–23 mo | $79,000 | $153,000 | –74,000) (–552,000 to 83,000) | 108 (16–276) | 5.5 (0.5–6.5) | 0.005 (0–0.020) | 32 (11–56) | 7.2 (0.8–23.2) | |
| 2 y | $66,000 | $88,000 | –22,000) (–292,000 to 72,000) | 107 (15–276) | 3.5 (0.2–11.4) | 0.003 (0–0.013) | 25 (7–44) | 5.4 (0.6–17.2) | |
| 3–4 y | $59,000 | $57,000 | 2,000 (–212,000 to 70,000) | 107 (15–276) | 2.2 (0.1–9.1) | 0.002 (0–0.010) | 19 (5–37) | 4.0 (0.4–13.1) | |
| 5–11 y | $49,000 | $37,000 | 12,000 (–125,000 to 59,000) | 55 (8–142) | 1.3 (0.1–3.9) | 0.001 (0–0.005) | 9 (3–24) | 1.6 (0.2–5.6) | |
| 12–17 y | $49,000 | $36,000 | 13,000 (–120,000 to 59,000) | 41 (6; 104) | 1.3 (0.1–3.9) | 0.001 (0–0.005) | 6 (1–15) | 1.3 (0.1–4.5) | |
| Healthy | Using live attenuated influenza vaccine | ||||||||
| 6–23 mo | $99,000 | $63,000 | 32,000 (–155,000 to 99,000) | 132 (20–319) | 2.4 (0.3–7.2) | 0.002 (0–0.009) | 13 (3–32) | 3.7 (0.5–10.5) | |
| 2 y | $80,000 | $35,000 | 42,000 (–59,000 to 85,000) | 130 (20–322) | 1.4 (0.1–4.9) | 0.001 (0; 0.005) | 11 (2–26) | 2.9 (0.4–8.5) | |
| 3–4 y | $74,000 | $21,000 | 50,000 (–3,000 to 83,000) | 130 (20–322) | 0.7 (0–2.7) | 0.0006 (0–0.0029) | 9 (2–23) | 2.1 (0.3–6.1) | |
| 5–11 y | $61,000 | $11,000 | 48,000 (22,000–73,000) | 67 (10–166) | 0.3 (0–0.8) | 0.0002 (0–0.0010) | 4 (1–10) | 0.7 (0.1–1.9) | |
| 12–17 y | $61,000 | $10,000 | 49,000 (23,000–73,000) | 50 (8–120) | 0.3 (0–0.7) | 0.00002 (0–0.0010) | 3 (0–7) | 0.5 (0.1–1.3)
*CI, confidence interval; QALYS, quality-adjusted life years; italics indicate that live, attenuated influenza vaccine is not licensed for children <5 y. | |
*CI, confidence interval; QALYS, quality-adjusted life years; italics indicate that live, attenuated influenza vaccine is not licensed for children <5 y.
†Bootstrapped.
‡Figures may not sum due to rounding.
§Includes time costs associated with vaccination.
¶Includes injection site reactions, systemic reactions, anaphylaxis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome.