Volume 12, Number 10—October 2006
Perspective
Birds and Influenza H5N1 Virus Movement to and within North America
John H. Rappole*
and Zdenek Hubálek†
and Zdenek Hubálek†
Table 2
Known interhemispheric movement by migratory or vagrant waterfowl (Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Charadriiformes), domestic bird trade (Galliformes), or exotic bird trade (Galliformes, Psittaciformes) from Eurasia to North America*
| Species | Likely mode of entry |
|---|---|
| Bean goose (Anser fabalis) | Migration† |
| Greylag goose (A. anser) (domestic) | Exotic and domestic bird trade |
| Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) | Migration† |
| Falcated duck (Anas falcata) | Migration,† exotic bird trade, zoos, vagrant |
| Eurasian wigeon (A. penelope) | Migration,†‡ exotic bird trade, zoos |
| Mallard (A. platyrhynchos) (domestic and wild) | Exotic and domestic bird trade |
| Garganey (A. querquedula) | Migration,†‡ exotic bird trade, zoos |
| Green-winged teal (A. crecca) | Migration†‡ |
| Common pochard (Aythya ferina) | Migration† |
| Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) | Migration†‡ |
| Smew (Mergellus albellus) | Migration† |
| Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) (domestic) | Domestic bird trade |
| Pheasants (Phasianidae) | Exotic bird trade, zoos |
| Quail (Coturnix coturnix) | Domestic bird trade |
| Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) (domestic) | Domestic bird trade |
| Red-faced cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile) | Migration§ |
| Gray heron (Ardea cinerea) | Vagrant |
| Little egret (Egretta garzetta) | Vagrant |
| Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) | Vagrant |
| Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) | Vagrant |
| Northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) | Vagrant |
| Mongolian plover (Charadrius mongolus) | Migration† |
| Common ringed plover (C. hiaticula) | Migration§ |
| Eurasian dotterel (C. morinellus) | Migration§ |
| Spotted redshank (Tringa erythropus) | Migration† |
| Wood sandpiper (T. glareola) | Migration† |
| Gray-tailed tattler (Heteroscelus brevipes) | Migration† |
| Bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) | Migration§ |
| Red-necked stint (Calidris ruficollis) | Migration§ |
| Little stint (C. minuta) | Vagrant |
| Sharp-tailed sandpiper (C. acuminata) | Migration†§ |
| Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) | Migration†‡ |
| Little gull (Larus minutus) | Migration‡ |
| Black-headed gull (L. ridibundus) | Migration†‡ |
| Black-tailed gull (L. crassirostris) | Vagrant |
| Yellow-legged gull (L. cachinnans) | Vagrant |
| Slaty-backed gull (L. schistisagus) | Migration† |
| Common tern (Sterna hirundo) | Vagrant |
| Rock pigeon (Columba livia) (domestic) | Exotic bird trade |
| Oriental turtle-dove (Streptopelia orientalis) | Exotic bird trade |
| European turtle-dove (S. turtur) | Exotic bird trade |
| Eurasian collared-dove (S. decaocto) | Exotic bird trade |
| Parrots (Psittacidae) | Exotic bird trade
*Species shown in boldface are known to have been infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Sources for information on migrant or vagrant status are Kessel and Gibson (28), Palmer (29), and the American Ornithologists' Union (30). Nomenclature follows the American Ornithologists Union checklist (30) to the degree possible. Supplementary source: Rasmussen and Anderton (31). |
*Species shown in boldface are known to have been infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Sources for information on migrant or vagrant status are Kessel and Gibson (28), Palmer (29), and the American Ornithologists' Union (30). Nomenclature follows the American Ornithologists Union checklist (30) to the degree possible. Supplementary source: Rasmussen and Anderton (31).
†Route 2. See Figure 2.
‡Route 3. See Figure 2.
§Route 1. See Figure 2.
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