Volume 12, Number 10—October 2006
Perspective
Birds and Influenza H5N1 Virus Movement to and within North America
John H. Rappole*
and Zdenek Hubálek†
and Zdenek Hubálek†
Table A1
Wild bird species confirmed to have been infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1*
| Species | Localities and dates |
|---|---|
| "Wild birds"† | Siberia, Russia, Aug 2005 (1) |
| "Wild birds"† | Kazakhstan, Aug 2005 (1) |
| Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus)‡ | Siberia, Aug 2005 (2) |
| Black-necked swan (Cygnus melanocoryphus)§ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus)‡ | Mongolia, Aug 2005; Germany, Denmark, and Iran, Feb 2005 (1,2) |
| Mute swan (Cygnus olor)‡ | Romania, Croatia, Oct 2005; Russia (Volga delta), Nov 2005; Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Bosnia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Iran, Feb 2006; Denmark, Serbia, Poland, and Czech Republic, March 2006 (1,2) |
| Coscoroba swan (Coscoroba coscoroba) § | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) †‡ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002; Qinghai Lake, China, Apr 2005; Mongolia, Aug 2005 (1,3,4) |
| Lesser white-fronted goose (Anser erythropus)‡ | Romania, Oct 2005 (2) |
| Greylag goose (Anser anser)‡ | Denmark and Germany, March 2006 (2) |
| Canada goose (Branta Canadensis§¶ | Hong Kong,¶ Dec 2002 (3) |
| Red-breasted goose (Branta ruficollis)‡ | Greece (Skyros Island), Feb 2006 (2) |
| Ruddy shelduck‡(Tadorna ferruginea)‡ | Mongolia, Aug 2005, Kalmykia, Aug 2005 (2,5) |
| Wood duck (Aix sponsa)¶ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Argentine shoveller (Anas platalea)§ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| White-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamensis)§ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Chestnut-breasted teal (Anas castanea)# | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Chiloe wigeon (Anas sibilatrix)§ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)‡ | Siberia, Aug 2005; Germany, Switzerland, and Hungary, Feb 2006 (2,5) |
| "Wild ducks" (Anas sp.)‡ | Siberia, Aug 2005, Kalmykia, Aug 2005; Romania, Oct 2005; Crimea, Dec 2005; Germany, Switzerland, Ukraine, and Turkey, Feb 2006; Cameroon, March 2006 (1,2,5) |
| Gadwall (Anas strepera)‡ | Siberia, Aug 2005 (5) |
| Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope)‡ | Mongolia, Aug 2005 (2) |
| Maned wood duck (Cheonetta jubata)# | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Common pochard (Aythya ferina)‡ | Siberia, Aug 2005; France, Feb 2006; Switzerland and Germany, March 2006 (2,5) |
| Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula)‡ | South Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and Switzerland, March 2006 (2) |
| Scaup (Aythya marila)‡ | South Sweden, March 2006 (2) |
| Red-crested pochard (Netta rufina)† | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Rosy-billed pochard (Netta peposaca)§ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)¶ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3) |
| Goosander (Mergus merganser)§ | Poland, March 2006 (2) |
| Smew (Mergus albellus)‡ | Slovakia, Feb 2006 (2) |
| Little cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger)† | Thailand, Dec 2004 (1) |
| Great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)†‡ | Qinghai Lake, People's Republic of China, Apr 2005 (4) |
| Grey heron (Ardea cinerea)†‡ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002, Jan 2004, Dec 2004; Romania, Oct 2005 (1–3); Slovenia, Feb 2006 (2) |
| Little egret (Egretta garzetta)†‡ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3); Hong Kong, Jan 2006 (2) |
| Chinese pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus)† | Hong Kong, Jan 2005 (1) |
| Asian openbill (Anastomus oscitans)† | Thailand, Dec 2004 (1) |
| Greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber)†** | Hong Kong, Dec 2002; Kuwait, Nov 2005 (3,5) |
| Grey-headed fish-eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus)† | Cambodia, Feb 2004 (1) |
| "Serpent eagle" (Spilornis sp.)† | Cambodia, Feb 2004 (1) |
| "Hawk-eagle" (Spizaetus sp)† | Cambodia, Feb 2004 (1) |
| Mountain hawk-eagle (Spizaetus nipalensis)† | Thailand, Oct 2004 (6) |
| Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)‡ | Denmark and Germany, March 2006 (2) |
| Rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus)‡ | Denmark. March 2006 (2) |
| Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)‡ | Germany, Feb 2006 (2) |
| Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus)†‡ | Hong Kong, Mar 2003, Jan 2004; Slovakia, Feb 2006; Denmark and Germany, March 2006 (1,2) |
| Saker falcon (Falco cherrug)† | Saudi Arabia, Jan 2006 (2) |
| Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)‡ | Germany, March 2006 (2) |
| Coot (Fulica atra)‡ | Siberia, Aug 2005; Kalmykia Aug 2005 (5); Switzerland and Germany, March 2006 (2) |
| Common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus)**. | Romania, Oct 2005 (2) |
| Great black-headed gull (Larus ichthyaetus)‡ | Qinghai Lake, China, Apr 2005 (4) |
| Brown-headed gull (Larus brunnicephalus)‡ | Qinghai Lake, China, Apr 2005 (4) |
| Black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus)†‡ | Hong Kong, Dec 2002 (3); Hungary, Feb 2006 (2) |
| "Gulls" (Larus spp)‡. | Crimea, Dec 2005; Croatia, March 2006 (2) |
| "Pigeons" (Columbiformes)† | Thailand, Dec 2004 (1) |
| Rock pigeon (Columbia livia f. domestica)†** | Hong Kong, Dec 2002; Thailand, 2005; Chelyabinsk, Russia, Aug 2005 (2,3,5); Crimea, Dec 2005 (2) |
| Red-collared dove (Streptopelia tranquebarica)† | Thailand, Dec 2004 (1) |
| Eagle owl (Bubo bubo)‡ | Sweden, March 2006 (2) |
| Forest eagle-owl (Bubo nipalensis)† | Cambodia, Feb 2004 (1) |
| Brown fish-owl (Ketupa zeylonensis)† | Cambodia, Feb 2004 (1) |
| Buffy fish-owl (Ketupa ketupu)† | Cambodia, Feb 2004 (1) |
| Spotted wood-owl (Strix seloputo)† | Cambodia, Feb 2004 (1) |
| "Parrots" (Psittaciformes)† | Cambodia, Feb 2004 (1) |
| Black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus)† | Thailand, Dec 2004 (1) |
| House crow (Corvus splendens)‡ | Hong Kong, Jan 2006; Afghanistan and Pakistan, March 2006 (2) |
| Large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchus)‡ | Hong Kong, Jan 2006 (2) |
| Carrion crow (Corvus corone)‡ | Crimea, Jan 2006 (2) |
| "Crows" (Corvus sp.)† | Japan, Mar 2004 (1) |
| Rook (Corvus frugilegus)‡ | Crimea, Dec 2005 (2) |
| Jackdaw (Corvus monedula)‡ | Crimea, Dec 2005 (2) |
| Common magpie (Pica pica sericea)‡ | Hong Kong, Jan 2006 (2) |
| "Magpies" (Corvidae)† | Korea, Mar 2004 (1) |
| Oriental magpie robin (Copsichus saularis)‡ | Hong Kong, Jan 2006 (2) |
| Red-billed mesia (Leiothrix lutea)† | Taiwan, Oct 2005 (2) |
| Crested myna (Acridotheres cristatellus)‡ | Hong Kong, Jan 2006 (2) |
| "Mynas" (Sturnidae)** | Thailand, Oct 2005 (2) |
| Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata)† | Thailand, Dec 2004 (1) |
| White-rumped munia (Lonchura striata)‡ | Hong Kong, Jan 2006 (2) |
| Munia (Lonchura sp.)‡ | Hong Kong, Jan 2006 (2) |
| Japanese white eye (Zosterops japonica simplex)‡ | Hong Kong, Jan 2006 (2) |
| Tree sparrow (Passer montanus)†‡** | Hong Kong, Dec 2002; Thailand, 2005 (1–3)
*Those with known migratory populations are shown in bold. Underlined species had >1 seropositive test results in apparently healthy birds. Nomenclature follows the American Ornithologists' Union checklist (7) to the degree possible. Rasmussen and Anderton (8) is used as a supplementary source on this topic. †Old World species infected as captives or in association with captive birds in a zoological park, smuggler holding pen, or domestic poultry facility. ‡Old World species in which infection was detected at a site distant from any known infected domestic bird. §South American species, infected as a captive in a zoologic park. ¶North American species, infected as a captive in a zoologic park. #Australian species, infected as a captive in zoologic park. **Old World species; possible association with infected captive birds or poultry unknown. |
*Those with known migratory populations are shown in bold. Underlined species had >1 seropositive test results in apparently healthy birds. Nomenclature follows the American Ornithologists' Union checklist (7) to the degree possible. Rasmussen and Anderton (8) is used as a supplementary source on this topic. †Old World species infected as captives or in association with captive birds in a zoological park, smuggler holding pen, or domestic poultry facility. ‡Old World species in which infection was detected at a site distant from any known infected domestic bird. §South American species, infected as a captive in a zoologic park. ¶North American species, infected as a captive in a zoologic park. #Australian species, infected as a captive in zoologic park. **Old World species; possible association with infected captive birds or poultry unknown.
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