Volume 12, Number 5—May 2006
THEME ISSUE
Tuberculosis Special Section
Research
Beijing/W Genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Drug Resistance
Table 3
Proportion of tuberculosis cases caused by the Beijing genotype by age group of patient*
| Study | Age <30 y, Beijing/total (%) | Age 30–49 y, Beijing/total (%) | Age >50 y, Beijing/total (%) | p for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Europe | |||||
| Western Austria | 2/89 (2.3) | 45/214 (1.9) | 1/370 (0.3) | 0.05 | |
| Denmark | 4/210 (1.9) | 6/623 (1.0) | 7/826 (0.9) | 0.3 | |
| Finland | 2/35 (5.7) | 5/128 (3.9) | 6/931 (0.6) | 0.002 | |
| The Netherlands | 70/703 (10.0) | 47/993 (4.7) | 85/1773 (4.8) | <0.001 | |
| Western Sweden | 1/5 (20.0) | 1/7 (14.3) | 1/65 (1.5) | 0.05 | |
| United Kingdom | |||||
| Inner London | 1/41 (2.4) | 2/67 (3.0) | 2/55 (3.6) | 0.7 | |
| London | 6/86 (7.0) | 1/104 (1.0) | 3/83 (3.7) | 0.2 | |
| Eastern Europe | |||||
| Estonia | 14/43 (32.6) | 25/96 (26.0) | 15/52 (28.9) | 0.7 | |
| Russia | |||||
| St. Petersburg | 74/112 (66.1) | 61/111 (55.0) | 19/45 (42.2) | 0.02 | |
| Archangel† | 13/25 (52.0) | 32/77 (41.6) | 8/16 (50.0) | 0.8 | |
| Middle East | |||||
| Iran | 2/20 (10.0) | 2/25 (8.0) | 1/26 (3.9) | 0.4 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | |||||
| Malawi‡ | 19/341 (5.6) | 21/522 (4.0) | 4/167 (2.4) | 0.08 | |
| South Africa: Cape Town | 51/299 (17.1) | 77/434 (17.7) | 11/111 (9.9) | 0.2 | |
| Zimbabwe: Harare | 3/94 (3.2) | 1/102 (1.0) | 0/16 (0.0) | 0.2 | |
| North America | |||||
| United States | |||||
| New Jersey | 1/18 (5.6) | 11/62 (17.7) | 3/71 (4.2) | 0.2 | |
| San Francisco | 1/21 (4.8) | 7/58 (12.1) | 4/30 (13.3) | 0.4 | |
| Caribbean | |||||
| Cuba | |||||
| Not Havana | 10/48 (20.8) | 6/42 (14.3) | 6/70 (8.6) | 0.06 | |
| Havana | 1/11 (9.1) | 2/21 (9.5) | 1/19 (5.3) | 0.7 | |
| Latin America | |||||
| Argentina: Buenos Aires | 5/255 (2.0) | 0/224 (0.0) | 0/103 (0.0) | 0.05 | |
| Brazil: São Paulo | 3/144 (2.1) | 0/187 (0.0) | 0/51 (0.0) | 0.1 | |
| Indian subcontinent | |||||
| Bangladesh† | 3/20 (15.0) | 4/42 (9.5) | 0/35 (0.0) | 0.03 | |
| Southeast Asia | |||||
| Indonesia: Jakarta | 13/45 (28.9) | 14/33 (42.4) | 5/12 (41.7) | 0.2 | |
| Malaysia | 17/93 (18.3) | 20/129 (15.5) | 25/162 (15.4) | 0.6 | |
| Thailand: Bangkok | 33/64 (51.6) | 41/88 (46.6) | 24/52 (46.2) | 0.5 | |
| Vietnam | |||||
| Hanoi† | 11/15 (73.3) | 17/26 (65.4) | 9/23 (39.1) | 0.03 | |
| Ho Chi Minh City† | 94/147 (64.0) | 134/265 (50.6) | 35/87 (40.2) | <0.001 | |
| Ho Chi Minh City | 13/21 (61.9) | 17/40 (42.5) | 4/14 (28.6) | 0.04 | |
| Tien Giang | 4/7 (57.1) | 11/27 (40.7) | 13/26 (50.0) | 1.0 | |
| East Asia | |||||
| China | |||||
| Shanghai and other areas† | 5/5 (100.0) | 10/14 (71.4) | 16/24 (66.7) | 0.2 | |
| Henan | 10/19 (52.6) | 7/9 (77.8) | 16/21 (76.2) | 0.2 | |
| Hong Kong† | 95/151 (62.9) | 149/197 (75.6) | 112/152 (73.7) | 0.04 | |
| Japan: Okayama | 9/12 (75.0) | 19/25 (76.0) | 75/105 (71.4) | 0.7 | |
| Mongolia | 50/95 (52.6) | 42/63 (66.7) | 5/10 (50.0) | 0.3 | |
| Taiwan† | 25/47 (53.2) | 36/83 (43.4) | 126/291 (43.3) | 0.3 | |
*Studies with >3 cases of Beijing genotype tuberculosis in nonimmigrants included.
†Immigration status not known.
‡Immigrants from neighboring countries included.
1Analysis and writing committee: Judith R. Glynn, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Kristin Kremer, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Martien W. Borgdorff, Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Association (KNCV) Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, the Netherlands; Mar Pujades Rodriguez, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; and Dick van Soolingen, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
2The key contacts who contributed the data are listed as follows: Austria: Wolfgang Prodinger (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck); Denmark: Troels Lillebaek (Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen); Finland: Hanna Soini, Petri Ruutu, (National Public Health Institute, Helsinki); France: Cristina Gutierrez, Veronique Vincent (Institut Pasteur, Paris); Beate Heym, Veronique Friocourt (Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt); Isabelle Fredenucci, Jean-Pierre Flandrois (Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon); Germany: Stefan Niemann (National Reference Centre for Mycobacteria, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Hamburg), Roland Diel (School of Public Health, University of Düsseldorf); Italy: Stefano Bonora (Università di Verona); Leonardo A Sechi, Stephania Zanetti (Università di Sassari); Carlo Garzelli (Università di Pisa); the Netherlands: Martien Borgdorff (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation) Petra de Haas, Kristin Kremer, Dick van Soolingen (RIVM); Spain: Montserrat Ruiz, Juan Carlos Rodríguez, Gloria Royo (Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche); Ana Pérez Meixeira, Jenaro Astray (Public Health Institute Getafe, Madrid), Juana Cacho, Amador Ramos (Hospital Universitario de Getafe); Maria Jose Iglesias (University of Zaragoza), Sofia Samper (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza); United Kingdom: Andrew Hayward, John Watson, Francis Drobniewski (Health Protection Agency, London); Jeremy Dale (University of Surrey) on behalf of the Steering Committee, Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in London; Sweden: Malin Ridell, Liselott Svensson (Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University); Czech Republic: Milan Kubin (Institute of Hygiene of the City of Prague); Estonia: Annika Krüüner (Tartu University, Estonia, and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden); Russia: Olga Toungoussova (University of Oslo, Norway), Dominique Caugant (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway), Andrey Mariandyshev (Northern State Medical University, Archangel): Olga Narvaskaya, Igor Mokrousov (St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute), Tatjana Otten, Boris Vyshnevskiy (Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg); Iran: Mehrnoosh Doroudchi (Shiraz University of Medical Sciences); Cameroon: Sara Ngo Niobe-Eyangoh (Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé); Ethiopia: Judith Bruchfeld (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna); Guinea Bissau: Tuija Koivula, Gunilla Kallenius (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna); Malawi: Amelia Crampin, Judith Glynn (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK) on behalf of The Karonga Prevention Study (Chilumba, Malawi); South Africa: Madalene Richardson, Paul van Helden, Rob Warren, Nulda Beyers (Stellenbosch University, Cape Town); Sudan: Ghada Sharaf-Eldin (National Health Laboratory, Khartoum); Zimbabwe: Philippa Easterbrook, Shahed Murad, Francis Drobniewski (King’s College London, UK); Cuba: Raul Diaz (Instituto Pedro Kourí, Havana); United States: Barry Kreiswirth (International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ); Midori Kato-Maeda, Elizabeth Fair, Sebastien Gagneux, Peter Small (Stanford University, Stanford, CA); Argentina: Nora Morcillo (Reference Laboratory of Buenos Aires Tuberculosis Control Program) Angel Cataldi (National Institute of Agricultural Technology); Brazil: Lucilaine Ferrazoli (Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo); India: Kristin Kremer (RIVM), P. Seth (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi); Bangladesh: Leen Rigouts, Isdore Chola Shamputa (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium); Indonesia: Reinout van Crevel (University Medical Center Nijmegen, the Netherlands); Malaysia: Jeremy Dale (University of Surrey, Guildford, UK); Thailand: Wolfgang Prodinger (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Austria), Porntip Bunyaratevej (Mahidol University, Bangkok); China: James Douglas (University of Hawaii); Li Weimin (Beijing Tuberculosis and Chest Tumor Institution), Kristin Kremer (RIVM); K.M. Kam (Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Hong Kong); Japan: Ritsuko Ohata (Okayama Prefectural Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health); Mongolia: N. Naranbat (National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar); Vietnam: Dang Duc Anh (National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi); Mai Huyen, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan (Ho Chi Minh City); Taiwan: Ruwen Jou (Center for Disease Control, Taipei).