Volume 12, Number 5—May 2006
THEME ISSUE
Tuberculosis Special Section
Research
Beijing/W Genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Drug Resistance
Table A2
Proportion of tuberculosis cases caused by the Beijing genotype in different studies
| Study | Period | Overall Beijing/total (%) | Excluding immigrants,* Beijing/total (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Europe | ||||
| Austria: western | 1993–2004 | 12/895 (1.3) | 7/673 (1.0) | |
| Denmark: entire | 1992–2001 | 96/3,844 (2.5) | 17/1,659 (1.0) | |
| Finland: entire | 2000–2002 | 23/1,246 (1.9) | 13/1,119 (1.2) | |
| France | ||||
| Paris area | 1995 | 3/272 (1.1) | 0/91 (0.0) | |
| Paris | 2001–2003 | 5/66 (7.6) | 1/22 (4.6) | |
| Lyon | 2003 | 3/85 (3.5) | 1/31 (3.2) | |
| Germany: Hamburg | 2001 | 6/178 (3.4) | 1/80 (1.3) | |
| Italy | ||||
| Verona | 1996–1997 | 2/158 (1.3) | 0/131 (0.0) | |
| Sardinia | 1997–1998 | 2/350 (0.6) | 0/28 (0.0) | |
| Tuscany | 2002 | 7/245 (2.9) | 2/153 (1.2) | |
| Netherlands: entire | 1993–2002 | 522/8,510 (6.1) | 202/3,469 (5.8) | |
| Spain | ||||
| Elche | 1993–1999 | 0/146 (0.0) | ||
| Madrid | 1992–2001 | 0/507 (0.0) | 0/484 (0.0) | |
| Zaragoza | 1993–1995 | 2/569 (0.4) | 0/544 (0.0) | |
| Sweden: western | 1999–2002 | 11/212 (5.2) | 3/77 (3.9) | |
| United Kingdom | ||||
| Inner London | 1993 | 18/547 (3.3) | 5/164 (3.0) | |
| London | 1995–1997 | 108/2,490 (4.3) | 10/273 (3.7) | |
| Central and Eastern Europe | ||||
| Czech Republic | ||||
| Prague | 1998 | 2/111 (1.8) | 1/104 (1.0) | |
| South Moravia | 1998 | 5/120 (4.2) | 0/114 (0.0) | |
| Estonia: entire | 1994 | 61/209 (29.2) | 61/209 (29.2) | |
| Russia | ||||
| St. Petersburg | 1999–2001 | 133/236 (56.4) | 133/236 (56.4) | |
| Archangel | 1998–1999 | 54/119 (45.4) | ||
| North Africa and Middle East | ||||
| Iran: several areas | 1995–1997 | 10/101 (9.9) | 6/81 (7.4) | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | ||||
| Cameroon†: western region | 1997–1998 | 0/456 (0.0) | 0/456 (0.0) | |
| Ethiopia: Addis Ababa | 1996 | 0/121 (0.0) | 0/121 (0.0) | |
| Guinea Bissau: Bissau | 1989–1993 | 1/229 (0.4) | 1/221 (0.5) | |
| Malawi: Karonga District | 1996–2003 | 44/1,030 (4.3) | 38/785 (4.8) | |
| South Africa: Cape Town | 1992–1998 | 140/847 (16.5) | 140/847 (16.5) | |
| Sudan: Khartoum | 1998–1999 | 0/49 (0.0) | 0/48 (0.0) | |
| Zimbabwe: Harare | 1997 | 4/214 (1.9) | 4/212 (1.9) | |
| North America | ||||
| United States | ||||
| New Jersey | 1999 | 29/382 (7.6) | 15/151 (9.9) | |
| San Francisco | 1998–2000 | 135/492 (27.4) | 12/109 (11.0) | |
| Caribbean | ||||
| Cuba | ||||
| Outside Havana | 1994–1995 | 22/160 (13.8) | 22/160 (13.8) | |
| Havana | 1997–1998 | 4/51 (7.8) | 4/51 (7.8) | |
| Latin America | ||||
| Argentina: Buenos Aires | 1998–2001 | 5/612 (0.8) | 5/582 (0.9) | |
| Brazil: São Paulo | 2000–2001 | 4/420 (1.0) | 3/382 (0.8) | |
| Indian subcontinent | ||||
| India: Delhi | 1995–1996 | 1/83 (1.2) | ||
| Bangladesh: Mymensingh | 2000–2002 | 7/97 (7.2) | ||
| Southeast Asia | ||||
| Indonesia: Jakarta | 1998–1999 | 32/91 (35.2) | 32/91 (35.2) | |
| Malaysia: Sample | 1993–1994 | 71/426 (16.7) | 65/388 (16.8) | |
| Thailand: Bangkok | 1998–2000 | 98/204 (48.0) | 98/204 (48.0) | |
| Vietnam | ||||
| Hanoi | 1998–1999 | 37/64 (57.8) | ||
| Ho Chi Minh City | 1998–1999 | 263/499 (52.7) | ||
| Ho Chi Minh City | 1998–2000 | 34/75 (45.3) | 34/75 (45.3) | |
| Tien Giang | 2003 | 28/60 (46.7) | 28/60 (46.7) | |
| East Asia | ||||
| China | ||||
| Shanghai and other areas | 1994–1995 | 40/59 (67.8) | ||
| Henan | 2000–2001 | 36/52 (69.2) | 36/52 (69.2) | |
| Hong Kong: Hong Kong | 1998–1999 | 356/500 (71.2) | ||
| Japan: Okayama | 2000–2002 | 103/142 (72.5) | 103/142 (72.5) | |
| Mongolia: entire | 1998–1999 | 97/168 (57.7) | 97/168 (57.7) | |
| Taiwan: entire | 2002 | 187/421 (44.4) | ||
*Immigration status not known for all patients.
†The spoligotype of 1 isolate in this study had only spacers 40–43, but other genetic markers showed it to be Mycobacterium africanum.
1Analysis and writing committee: Judith R. Glynn, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Kristin Kremer, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Martien W. Borgdorff, Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Association (KNCV) Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, the Netherlands; Mar Pujades Rodriguez, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; and Dick van Soolingen, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
2The key contacts who contributed the data are listed as follows: Austria: Wolfgang Prodinger (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck); Denmark: Troels Lillebaek (Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen); Finland: Hanna Soini, Petri Ruutu, (National Public Health Institute, Helsinki); France: Cristina Gutierrez, Veronique Vincent (Institut Pasteur, Paris); Beate Heym, Veronique Friocourt (Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt); Isabelle Fredenucci, Jean-Pierre Flandrois (Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon); Germany: Stefan Niemann (National Reference Centre for Mycobacteria, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Hamburg), Roland Diel (School of Public Health, University of Düsseldorf); Italy: Stefano Bonora (Università di Verona); Leonardo A Sechi, Stephania Zanetti (Università di Sassari); Carlo Garzelli (Università di Pisa); the Netherlands: Martien Borgdorff (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation) Petra de Haas, Kristin Kremer, Dick van Soolingen (RIVM); Spain: Montserrat Ruiz, Juan Carlos Rodríguez, Gloria Royo (Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche); Ana Pérez Meixeira, Jenaro Astray (Public Health Institute Getafe, Madrid), Juana Cacho, Amador Ramos (Hospital Universitario de Getafe); Maria Jose Iglesias (University of Zaragoza), Sofia Samper (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza); United Kingdom: Andrew Hayward, John Watson, Francis Drobniewski (Health Protection Agency, London); Jeremy Dale (University of Surrey) on behalf of the Steering Committee, Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in London; Sweden: Malin Ridell, Liselott Svensson (Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University); Czech Republic: Milan Kubin (Institute of Hygiene of the City of Prague); Estonia: Annika Krüüner (Tartu University, Estonia, and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden); Russia: Olga Toungoussova (University of Oslo, Norway), Dominique Caugant (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway), Andrey Mariandyshev (Northern State Medical University, Archangel): Olga Narvaskaya, Igor Mokrousov (St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute), Tatjana Otten, Boris Vyshnevskiy (Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg); Iran: Mehrnoosh Doroudchi (Shiraz University of Medical Sciences); Cameroon: Sara Ngo Niobe-Eyangoh (Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé); Ethiopia: Judith Bruchfeld (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna); Guinea Bissau: Tuija Koivula, Gunilla Kallenius (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna); Malawi: Amelia Crampin, Judith Glynn (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK) on behalf of The Karonga Prevention Study (Chilumba, Malawi); South Africa: Madalene Richardson, Paul van Helden, Rob Warren, Nulda Beyers (Stellenbosch University, Cape Town); Sudan: Ghada Sharaf-Eldin (National Health Laboratory, Khartoum); Zimbabwe: Philippa Easterbrook, Shahed Murad, Francis Drobniewski (King’s College London, UK); Cuba: Raul Diaz (Instituto Pedro Kourí, Havana); United States: Barry Kreiswirth (International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ); Midori Kato-Maeda, Elizabeth Fair, Sebastien Gagneux, Peter Small (Stanford University, Stanford, CA); Argentina: Nora Morcillo (Reference Laboratory of Buenos Aires Tuberculosis Control Program) Angel Cataldi (National Institute of Agricultural Technology); Brazil: Lucilaine Ferrazoli (Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo); India: Kristin Kremer (RIVM), P. Seth (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi); Bangladesh: Leen Rigouts, Isdore Chola Shamputa (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium); Indonesia: Reinout van Crevel (University Medical Center Nijmegen, the Netherlands); Malaysia: Jeremy Dale (University of Surrey, Guildford, UK); Thailand: Wolfgang Prodinger (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Austria), Porntip Bunyaratevej (Mahidol University, Bangkok); China: James Douglas (University of Hawaii); Li Weimin (Beijing Tuberculosis and Chest Tumor Institution), Kristin Kremer (RIVM); K.M. Kam (Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Hong Kong); Japan: Ritsuko Ohata (Okayama Prefectural Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health); Mongolia: N. Naranbat (National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar); Vietnam: Dang Duc Anh (National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi); Mai Huyen, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan (Ho Chi Minh City); Taiwan: Ruwen Jou (Center for Disease Control, Taipei).