Volume 12, Number 7—July 2006
Dispatch
Smallpox during Pregnancy and Maternal Outcomes
Table 2
Miscarriage or premature birth among pregnant women with smallpox by gestational age, according to data from 19th- and early 20th-century outbreaks*
Reference | Gestational age <3 mo |
Gestational age 4–6 mo |
Gestational age 7–9 mo |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L/C | PL (95% CI) | L/C | PL (95% CI) | L/C | PL (95% CI) | |
Meyer (9), 1868–1872 | 7/33 | 21.2 (7.3–35.1) | 16/33 | 48.5 (31.5–65.4) | 8/10 | 80.0 (55.3–100.0) |
Welch (10), 1878 | 8/12 | 66.7 (40.1–93.2) | 9/22 | 40.9 (20.5–61.3) | 10/12 | 83.3 (62.4–100.0) |
Queirel (18), 1906 | 3/4 | 75.0 (32.8–100.0) | 8/10 | 80.0 (55.3–100.0) | 0/5 | 0 (NC) |
Robertson (19), 1913 | 1/2 | 50.0 (0.0–100.0) | 6/9 | 66.7 (36.0–97.3) | 1/12 | 8.3 (0.0–23.9) |
Rao (5), 1959–1962 | 10/21 | 47.6 (26.4–68.9) | 16/65 | 24.6 (14.2–35.0) | 41/94 | 43.6 (33.6–53.6) |
Total | 29/72 | 40.3 (29.0–51.5) | 55/139 | 39.6 (31.5–47.7) | 60/133 | 45.1 (36.7–53.5) |
*L/C, miscarriage or premature birth/cases; PL, proportion of miscarriage and premature birth; CI, confidence interval; NC, not calculable.
References
- Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Jahrling PB, Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. JAMA. 1999;281:2127–37. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Suarez VR, Hankins GD. Smallpox and pregnancy: from eradicated disease to bioterrorist threat. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:87–93. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988 [cited 2006 May 4]. Available from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106.pdf
- Rao AR, Prahlad I, Swaminathan M, Lakshmi A. Pregnancy and smallpox. J Indian Med Assoc. 1963;40:353–63.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rao AR. Haemorrhagic smallpox: a study of 240 cases. J Indian Med Assoc. 1964;43:224–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dixon CW. Smallpox in Tripolitania, 1946: an epidemiological and clinical study of 500 cases, including trials of penicillin treatment. J Hyg (Lond). 1948;46:351–77. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Voigt L. Über den Einfluss der Pockenkrankheit auf Menstruation, Schwangerschaft, Geburt und Fötus. Sammlung Klinischer Vortraege/Gynaekologie. 1894–1897;112:249–72
- Scheby-Buch . Bericht über das Material des Hamburger Pockenhauses vom August 1871 bis Februar 1872. Arch Derm Syphilol. 1872–1873;4:506–32. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Meyer L. Über Pocken beim weiblichen Geschlecht. Beiträge zur Geburtshülfe und Gynäkologie / hrsg. von d. Gesellschaft für Geburtshülfe in Berlin (Berlin: Crede). 1873;2:186–98.
- Welch WM. Smallpox in the pregnant woman and in the foetus. Philadelphia Medical Times. 1877–1878;8:390–8.
- Jobard. Influence de la variole sur la grossesse [thesis]. Paris: Université de Paris; 1880.
- Barthélemy. Recherches sur l'influence de lavariole sur la grossesse [thesis]. Paris: Université de Paris; 1880.
- Sangregorio G. Vaiuolo e gravidanza. Cenni statistici (1). Guardia Ostetrica di Milano. I Morgagni. 1887;29:793–6.
- Richardière. La variole pendant la grossesse. Arch de Tocol et de Gynecol. 1893;20:611–5.
- van der Willigen AM. Pokken in de Zwangerschap, 80 gevallen van variolae gravidarum. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1895;11:485–99.
- Charpentier JB. Variole et vaccine dans la grossesse [thesis]. Paris: Université de Paris; 1900.
- Viany C. Vaccine et variole au cours de la grossesse [thesis]. Lyon Med. 1900;93:397–401.
- Queirel . Variole et grossesse. Annales de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique. 1907;4:137–47.
- Robertson DG. Small-pox epidemic in New South Wales, 1913. Melbourne, Australia: Minister for Trade and Customs; 1914.
- Couréménos M. Influence de la variole sur la grossesse et le produit de la conception [thesis]. Paris: Université de Paris; 1901.
- Crapo RO. Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1996;39:3–16. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hassett DE. Smallpox infections during pregnancy, lessons on pathogenesis from nonpregnant animal models of infection. J Reprod Immunol. 2003;60:13–24. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar