Effects of Local Anthropogenic Changes on Potential Malaria Vector Anopheles hyrcanus and West Nile Virus Vector Culex modestus, Camargue, France
Nicolas Ponçon*, Thomas Balenghien†‡, Céline Toty*, Jean Baptiste Ferré§, Cyrille Thomas¶, Alain Dervieux#, Grégory L’Ambert§, Francis Schaffner§**, Olivier Bardin§, and Didier Fontenille*
Author affiliations: *Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France; †École Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l’Étoile, France; ‡Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France; §Entente Interdépartementale pour la Démoustication Méditerranée, Montpellier, France; ¶Centre Français du Riz, Arles, France; #Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Arles, France; **University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
Main Article
Table
Sprayed rice surfaces (hectares) to control striped rice borer in the Camargue
Years of insecticide spraying |
Insecticides effective against mosquitoes
|
|
Lepidopteron-specific insecticides
|
Fenitrothion, trichlorfon, and chlorphenamidine |
Alphamethrin |
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki |
Tebufenozide |
1972 |
10,000 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
1973 |
6,500 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
1974 |
9,000 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
1975–1989 |
Very limited |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
1990–1996 |
0 |
Intensive, ≈2/3 of rice surfaces |
|
0 |
0 |
1996–1999 |
0 |
Permitted but not often used |
0 |
2000 |
0 |
11,500 |
|
500 |
0 |
2001 |
0 |
11,500 |
|
500 |
200 |
2002 |
0 |
10,000 |
|
2,000 |
300 |
2003 |
0 |
10,000 |
|
2,000 |
400 |
2004 |
0 |
4,500 |
|
1,000 |
500 |
2005 |
0 |
0 |
|
800 |
2,300 |
2006 |
0 |
0 |
|
Very limited |
≈3,000 |
Main Article
Page created: July 06, 2010
Page updated: July 06, 2010
Page reviewed: July 06, 2010
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