Volume 13, Number 12—December 2007
Perspective
Effects of Local Anthropogenic Changes on Potential Malaria Vector Anopheles hyrcanus and West Nile Virus Vector Culex modestus, Camargue, France
Nicolas Ponçon*, Thomas Balenghien†‡, Céline Toty*, Jean Baptiste Ferré§, Cyrille Thomas¶, Alain Dervieux#, Grégory L’Ambert§, Francis Schaffner§**, Olivier Bardin§, and Didier Fontenille*
Table
Sprayed rice surfaces (hectares) to control striped rice borer in the Camargue
| Years of insecticide spraying | Insecticides effective against mosquitoes |
Lepidopteron-specific insecticides |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fenitrothion, trichlorfon, and chlorphenamidine | Alphamethrin | Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki | Tebufenozide | ||
| 1972 | 10,000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 1973 | 6,500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 1974 | 9,000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 1975–1989 | Very limited | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 1990–1996 | 0 | Intensive, ≈2/3 of rice surfaces | 0 | 0 | |
| 1996–1999 | 0 | Permitted but not often used | 0 | ||
| 2000 | 0 | 11,500 | 500 | 0 | |
| 2001 | 0 | 11,500 | 500 | 200 | |
| 2002 | 0 | 10,000 | 2,000 | 300 | |
| 2003 | 0 | 10,000 | 2,000 | 400 | |
| 2004 | 0 | 4,500 | 1,000 | 500 | |
| 2005 | 0 | 0 | 800 | 2,300 | |
| 2006 | 0 | 0 | Very limited | ≈3,000 | |
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