Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 15, Number 1—January 2009
Research

Enhanced Hygiene Measures and Norovirus Transmission during an Outbreak

Janneke C.M. Heijne1Comments to Author , Peter Teunis1, Gabriella Morroy, Clementine Wijkmans, Sandy Oostveen, Erwin Duizer, Mirjam Kretzschmar, and Jacco Wallinga
Author affiliations: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (J.C.M. Heijne, P. Teunis, E. Duizer, M. Kretzchmar, J. Wallinga); Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (P. Teunis); Municipal Health Services “Hart voor Brabant,” ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands (G. Morroy, C. Wijkmans, S. Oostveen); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (M. Kretzschmar, J. Wallinga);

Main Article

Figure 2

Generation time distribution for norovirus infections. Generation time is the time between onset of symptoms in successive case-patients. The histogram gives the relative frequency in norovirus outbreaks in Sweden in 1999 (25); the black line indicates the maximum-likelihood fit of the gamma distribution.

Figure 2. Generation time distribution for norovirus infections. Generation time is the time between onset of symptoms in successive case-patients. The histogram gives the relative frequency in norovirus outbreaks in Sweden in 1999 (25); the black line indicates the maximum-likelihood fit of the gamma distribution.

Main Article

References
  1. Mead  PS, Slutsker  L, Dietz  V, McCaig  LF, Bresee  JS, Shapiro  C, Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:60725.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Estes  MK, Prasad  BV, Atmar  RL. Noroviruses everywhere: has something changed? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006;19:46774. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Kroneman  A, Vennema  H, Harris  J, Reuter  G, von Bonsdorff  CH, Hedlund  KO, Increase in norovirus activity reported in Europe. Euro Surveill 2006;11(50):3093 [cited 17 Nov 2008]. Available from http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3093
  4. van Duynhoven  YT, de Jager  CM, Kortbeek  LM, Vennema  H, Koopmans  MP, van Leusden  F, A one-year intensified study of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133:921. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Duizer  E, Koopmans  M. Tracking foodborne viruses: lessons from noroviruses. In: Motarjemi Y, Adams M, editors. Emerging foodborne pathogens. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 2006. p. 77–110.
  6. Evans  MR, Meldrum  R, Lane  W, Gardner  D, Ribeiro  CD, Gallimore  CI, An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis following environmental contamination at a concert hall. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;129:35560. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Marks  PJ, Vipond  IB, Carlisle  D, Deakin  D, Fey  RE, Caul  EO. Evidence for airborne transmission of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) in a hotel restaurant. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;124:4817. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Barker  J, Vipond  IB, Bloomfield  SF. Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect. 2004;58:429. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Isakbaeva  ET, Widdowson  MA, Beard  RS, Bulens  SN, Mullins  J, Monroe  SS, Norovirus transmission on cruise ship. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1548.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Love  SS, Jiang  X, Barrett  E, Farkas  T, Kelly  S. A large hotel outbreak of Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis among three groups of guests and hotel employees in Virginia. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;129:12732. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Rockx  B, De Wit  M, Vennema  H, Vinje  J, De Bruin  E, Van Duynhoven  Y, Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:24653. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. LoBue  AD, Lindesmith  L, Yount  B, Harrington  PR, Thompson  JM, Johnston  RE, Multivalent norovirus vaccines induce strong mucosal and systemic blocking antibodies against multiple strains. Vaccine. 2006;24:522034. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Calderon-Margalit  R, Sheffer  R, Halperin  T, Orr  N, Cohen  D, Shohat  T. A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with norovirus in nursing homes. Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133:3540. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Cheng  FW, Leung  TF, Lai  RW, Chan  PK, Hon  EK, Ng  PC. Rapid control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in an acute paediatric ward. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:5816. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Navarro  G, Sala  RM, Segura  F, Arias  C, Anton  E, Varela  P, An outbreak of norovirus infection in a long-term-care unit in Spain. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:25962. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Schmid  D, Lederer  I, Pichler  AM, Berghold  C, Schreier  E, Allerberger  F. An outbreak of norovirus infection affecting an Austrian nursing home and a hospital. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2005;117:8028. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Cheesbrough  JS, Green  J, Gallimore  CI, Wright  PA, Brown  DW. Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;125:938. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Verhoef  L, Depoortere  E, Boxman  I, Duizer  E, Van Duynhoven  Y, Harris  J, Emergence of new norovirus variants on spring cruise ships and prediction of winter epidemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:23843. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Wallinga  J, Teunis  P. Different epidemic curves for severe acute respiratory syndrome reveal similar impacts of control measures. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:50916. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Cauchemez  S, Boelle  PY, Donnelly  CA, Ferguson  NM, Thomas  G, Leung  GM, Real-time estimates in early detection of SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1103.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Duizer  E, Timen  A, Morroy  G, de Roda Husman  AM. Norovirus outbreak at an international scout jamboree in the Netherlands, July–August 2004: international alert. Euro Surveill. 2004;8(33):2523 [cited 17 Nov 2008]. Available from http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2523
  22. Morroy  G, Wijkmans  C. A norovirus outbreak at an international scouting jamboree in the Netherlands [in Dutch]. Infectieziekten bulletin. 2005;16:57–9 [cited 17 Nov 2008]. Available from http://www.rivm.nl/infectieziektenbulletin/bul1602/veld_jamboree.html
  23. Vennema  H, De Bruin  E, Koopmans  M. Rational optimization of generic primers used for Norwalk-like virus detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Virol. 2002;25:2335. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Fine  PE. The interval between successive cases of an infectious disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:103947. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Götz  H, Ekdahl  K, Lindback  J, de Jong  B, Hedlund  KO, Giesecke  J. Clinical spectrum and transmission characteristics of infection with Norwalk-like virus: findings from a large community outbreak in Sweden. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:6228. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Enserink  M. Infectious diseases: gastrointestinal virus strikes European cruise ships. Science. 2006;313:747. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Koopmans  M, Harris  J, Verhoef  L, Depoortere  E, Takkinen  J, Coulombier  D. European investigation into recent norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships: update. Euro Surveill. 2006;11(27):2997 [cited 17 Nov 2008]. Available from http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2997
  28. Siebenga  JJ, Vennema  H, Renckens  B, De Bruin  E, van der Veer  B, Siezen  RJ, Epochal evolution of GGII.4 norovirus capsid proteins from 1995 to 2006. J Virol. 2007;81:993241. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Gallimore  CI, Cubitt  D, du Plessis  N, Gray  JJ. Asymptomatic and symptomatic excretion of noroviruses during a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:22714. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Garcia  C, DuPont  HL, Long  KZ, Santos  JI, Ko  G. Asymptomatic norovirus infection in Mexican children. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:29973000. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Graham  DY, Jiang  X, Tanaka  T, Opekun  AR, Madore  HP, Estes  MK. Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: new insights based on improved assays. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:3443.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Chan  MC, Sung  JJ, Lam  RK, Chan  PK, Lee  NL, Lai  RW, Fecal viral load and norovirus-associated gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:127880.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: December 06, 2010
Page updated: December 06, 2010
Page reviewed: December 06, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external