In June 2007, a 3 year-old girl was brought to the emergency room of the public hospital with a fever of 3 days’ duration. Her mother reported that the child had close contact with domestic animals (cat and dog), that mice were present in the house, and that the child had flea bites on her legs and arms 2 days before the onset of fever. The illness began with a high fever (39.8°C), abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, and myalgia. The patient’s condition was diagnosed as viral pharyngitis and otitis media, and she was treated as an outpatient with nimesulide, amoxicillin, and trimethoprim; she did not respond to this treatment. Ten days after the first hospital visit, the girl was hospitalized with the diagnosis of Salmonella typhi infection because of serologic reactivity with O and H antigens (titers of 160 and 80, respectively). At time of admission, she had a high fever (39.8°C), arthralgia in the hands and ankles, and a petechial maculopapular rash on the thorax and extremities. She was treated with sulfonamide, cephalosporin, and acetaminophen without remission of the symptoms. Clinical laboratory evaluation showed the following: neutrophilic leukocytosis, hemoglobin 10.1 g/dL, hematocrit 30.3%, thrombocytopenia (40 × 10⁶ platelets/L [reference range 140–440 × 10⁶ platelets/L]), elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (290 U/L [reference range 35–104 U/L]), elevated lactic dehydrogenase concentration (560 U/L [reference range 100–190 U/L]), and elevated antistreptolysin O and rheumatoid factor titers.

Figure

Figure. Restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of gltA (A) and 17-kDa gene (B) PCR products digested with AluI. Lane 1, undigested gltA and 17-kDa gene PCR amplicons (from blood sample of infected...

The diagnosis of murine typhus was established by PCR for Rickettsia 17 kDa and citrate synthase (gltA) genes as described previously (6,7). Positive controls were DNA of Rickettsia felis, R. rickettsii, R. akari, and R. typhi, and 1 reaction without DNA was used as a negative control. The DNA of the controls and the patient were handled separately to avoid contamination. R. typhi was identified as the causal agent by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of the amplified fragment of gltA (382 bp) and 17-kDa gene (434 bp) by using AluI as described previously (7,8) (Figure) and by comparing the DNA sequences of the gltA and 17-kDa gene PCR amplicons using BLAST software of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (Bethesda, MD, USA) (9). The sequences showed 100% identity with the corresponding R. typhi genes (Table).

An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was performed for serologic diagnosis; R. akari, R. rickettsii, and R. typhi antigens were fixed on slides. (A positive human serum sample control and IFA slides were provided by the Rickettsial and Ehrlichial Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.) As a negative control, we used a serum sample (from a healthy donor) that was negative for Leptospira spp. (microscopic agglutination test and PCR); rickettsiae (IFA and PCR); HIV (microparticle enzyme immunoassay and PCR); hepatitis A, B, and C viruses (microparticle enzyme immunoassay); Toxoplasma gondii (ELISA); and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ELISA, PCR).

We examined the serum specimens for immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM, assessing reactivity of γ-chain–specific and μ-heavy-chain–specific secondary conjugates, respectively, with rickettsial antigens. A serum sample collected 20 days after onset of the illness was serially diluted to 1:4,096 to determine the end-point titer. IFA showed antibody reactivity with R. typhi, R. rickettsii, and R. akari (Table). The child was treated with intravenous chloramphenicol, 75 mg/kg per day, for 7 days; symptoms were reduced in 48 hours.

In Yucatan state we have identified several cases of rickettsiosis caused by R. felis and R. rickettsii, some with fatal outcome, but not with R. typhi infection (10,11). Since we reported an emerging human rickettsiosis in Mexico 12 years ago, a surveillance system and educational efforts have been put in place to promote more timely diagnosis and treatment of rickettsioses. As a result of such efforts, we have also been able to detect new rickettsioses in the Yucatan Peninsula.

R. typhi is a bacterium that is broadly distributed around the world, and is the cause of many human infections every year (12,13). As with other febrile illnesses, children are a vulnerable population frequently exposed to this pathogen (4,14).

In Mexico, human proximity to domestic animals is common, and the habitats of both have a close relationship. In rural and suburban areas, for example, opossums, rats, and mice often inhabit backyards and houses. The potential transmission cycle of many vector-borne diseases, including rickettsioses, is evident through human exposure to ectoparasite vectors.

IFA showed serum IgM and IgG antibody reactivity with R. typhi and IgG antibody reactivity with R. rickettsii and R. akari. In our experience, IFA supports the diagnosis but sometimes is not conclusive because of cross-reactivity among species of the spotted fever group and the typhus group (15). However, we cannot exclude the possibility of other prior infections because of the living conditions and the presence of various rickettsial species in our environment in Yucatan. For that reason, we conduct PCR to diagnose human rickettsiosis. Our criteria for a confirmed diagnosis of any rickettsial infection are the same as those published by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) for Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a clinically compatible case with a 4-fold change in IgG-specific antibody titer reactive with a rickettsial antigen by IFA between paired serum specimens or detection of rickettsial DNA in a blood, biopsy, or autopsy specimen through amplification of a specific target by PCR.

The identity of R. typhi was established not only by the RFLP pattern of the gltA and 17-kDa gene amplicons, but mainly by the sequence comparison with other rickettsial species. Identity was 100% for R. typhi (Table). Identification of the Rickettsia species is essential for determining the epidemiology and ecology of the transmission cycle and how the agent is maintained in nature. In addition, species identification is useful for selecting the best preventive program appropriate for each region.

This finding of an autochthonous human case of murine typhus in Yucatan Mexico and the finding of R. typhi in Yucatan state increases the diversity of rickettsioses identified in this ecosystem. Because rickettsioses are treatable diseases, an educational program is critical to instruct the population about these infections and their transmission cycles, as well as to inform the medical community about the rickettsial diseases that must be included in the differential diagnosis of any acute febrile illnesses in the region.