Volume 16, Number 4—April 2010
Research
Use of Norovirus Genotype Profiles to Differentiate Origins of Foodborne Outbreaks
, Harry Vennema, Wilfrid van Pelt, David Lees, Hendriek Boshuizen, Kathleen Henshilwood, Marion Koopmans, on behalf of the Food-Borne Viruses in Europe Network1
Table 1
Number of norovirus strains detected in samples from humans, bivalve mollusks, and food, 1999–2004*
| Genotypes |
Human surveillance, no. strains |
Bivalve monitoring, no. strains | Total no. strains | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pol-based | Cap-based | FB-food | FB-feces | FHB | PB | UN | |||
| Genogroups | |||||||||
| I.1 | I.1 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 18 | 0 | 32 | |
| I.2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 32 | 8 | 47 | ||
| I.3 | I.3 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 16 | 80 | 13 | 120 | |
| I.4 | I.4 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 46 | 86 | 158 | |
| I.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 9 | ||
| I.6 | I.6 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 21 | 17 | 25 | 69 | |
| I.7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 10 | ||
| NA I.a | NA I.a | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 5 | |
| II.1 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 12 | 94 | 7 | 120 | ||
| II.2 | II.2 | 0 | 13 | 1 | 27 | 66 | 0 | 107 | |
| II.3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 38 | 11 | 51 | ||
| II.3R | II.3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 2 | 45 | |
| II.4 | II.4 | 5 | 47 | 9 | 681 | 584 | 63 | 1,389 | |
| II.5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 12 | 0 | 21 | ||
| II.8 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 16 | ||
| NA II.a | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 9 | ||
| NA II.c | 0 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 31 | 1 | 42 | ||
| NA II.d | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 12 | ||
| IV.1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
8 |
0 |
11 |
||
| Recombinants | |||||||||
| NA II.b | II.1, II.2, II.3 | 4 | 23 | 1 | 100 | 200 | 63 | 391 | |
| II.1 | II.10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 19 | 11 | 38 | |
| II.7 | II.6, II.7 | 2 | 18 | 1 | 19 | 116 | 0 | 156 | |
| Total | 24 | 151 | 20 | 922 | 1,446 | 295 | 2,858 | ||
*Poly, polymerase; cap, capsid; FB-food, foodborne-food, i.e., an outbreak was reported to be caused by food and the outbreak strain was detected in food; FB-feces, foodborne-feces, i.e., an outbreak was reported to be caused by food and the outbreak strain was detected in human feces only; FHB, food handler–borne, i.e., an outbreak was reported to be caused by an infected food handler contaminating the food and the outbreak strain was detected in human feces; PB, person-borne, i.e., an outbreak was reported to be caused by person-to-person transmission and the outbreak strain was detected in human feces; UN, unknown, i.e., the mode of transmission was not reported or was reported to be unknown and the outbreak strain was detected in human feces.
1Members of the Food-Borne Viruses in Europe Network: B. Böttiger, K. Mølbak, C. Johnsen (Denmark); K.-H. von Bonsdorff, L. Maunula, M. Kuusi (Finland); P. Pothier, K. Balay, J. Kaplon, G. Belliot, S. Le Guyader (France); E. Schreier, K. Stark, J. Koch, M. Höhne (Germany); G. Szücs, G. Reuter, K. Krisztalovics (Hungary); Ireland: M. Lynch, B. Foley, P. McKeown, S. Coughlan (Ireland); E. Duizer, A. Kroneman, Y. van Duynhoven (the Netherlands); K. Vainio, K. Nygard, G. Kapperud (Norway); M. Poljsak-Prijatelj, D. Barlic-Maganja, A. Hocevar Grom (Slovenia); F. Ruggeri, I. Di Bartolo (Italy); A Bosch, A. Dominguez, J. Buesa, A. Sanchez Fauquier, G. Hernández-Pezzi (Spain); K.-O. Hedlund, Y. Andersson, M. Thorhagen, M. Lysén, M. Hjertqvist (Sweden); D. Brown, B. Adak, J. Gray, J. Harris, M. Iturriza (United Kingdom).