Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 16, Number 8—August 2010
Research

West Nile Virus Range Expansion into British Columbia

David RothComments to Author , Bonnie Henry, Sunny Mak, Mieke Fraser, Marsha Taylor, Min Li, Ken Cooper, Allen Furnell, Quantine Wong, Muhammad Morshed, and Members of the British Columbia West Nile Virus Surveillance Team1
Author affiliations: British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (D. Roth, B. Henry, S. Mak, M. Fraser, M. Taylor, M. Li, K. Cooper, A. Furnell, Q. Wong, M. Morshed; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (D. Roth, B. Henry, M. Morshed)

Main Article

Table 3

Cumulative degree-days for communities in British Columbia, January 1–August 31, 2003–2009*

Year Community
Cranbrook Creston Osoyoos Kamloops Abbotsford Vancouver Victoria Prince George
2003 599 770 962 820 485 408 375 283
2004 479 668 993 880 562 485 425 361
2005 409 581 850 738 481 386 357 275
2006 542 700 851 821 469 366 347 333
2007 561 757 859 738 417 344 311 273
2008 475 611 811 729 387 312 202 265
2009 477 661 919 860 518 422 365 343

*Degree-days are calculated by using the single-sine method (19) with a 14.3°C base (3). See Figure 1 for location of select communities.

Main Article

References
  1. Campbell  GL, Marfin  AA, Lanciotti  RS, Gubler  DJ. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:519–29. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Eisenberg  JNS, Desai  MA, Levy  K, Bates  SJ, Liang  S, Naumoff  K, Environmental determinants of infectious disease: a framework for tracking causal links and guiding public health research. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115:1216–23. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Reisen  WK, Fang  Y, Martinez  VM. Effects of temperature on the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2006;43:309–17. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Soverow  JE, Wellenius  GA, Fisman  DN, Mittleman  MA. Infectious disease in a warming world: how weather influenced West Nile virus in the United States (2001–2005). Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:1049–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Landesman  WJ, Allan  BF, Langerhans  RB, Knight  TM, Chase  JM. Inter-annual associations between precipitation and human incidence of West Nile virus in the United States. Vector-Borne Zoonot. 2007;7:337–43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Kilpatrick  AM, Kramer  LD, Campbell  SR, Alleyne  EO, Dobson  AP, Daszak  P. West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:425–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Public Health Agency of Canada. West Nile virus monitor [cited 2009 Dec 14]. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/index-eng.php
  8. Government of Saskatchewan. West Nile virus: surveillance results [cited 2010 Mar 23]. http://www.health.gov.sk.ca/wnv-surveillance-results
  9. Manitoba Health. West Nile virus: surveillance statistics [cited 2010 Mar 23]. http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/wnv/stats.html
  10. Government of Alberta. Health and wellness: West Nile virus—surveillance evidence in Alberta [cited 2010 Mar 23]. http://www.health.alberta.ca/health-info/WNv-evidence.html
  11. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control. West Nile virus activity in British Columbia: 2009 surveillance program results [cited 2009 March 1]. http://www.bccdc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/73AB78E6-6D61-454C-8113-512A99A59B1E/0/WNVSurveillanceresults2009v2.pdf
  12. Farley  AL. Atlas of British Columbia. Vancouver (Canada): University of British Columbia Press, 1979. p. 30.
  13. Campbell  RW, Branch  B. The birds of British Columbia. Vancouver (Canada): University of British Columbia Press, 1990. p. 55.
  14. Government of Canada. Canada’s national climate archive [cited 2009 Dec 14]. http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca
  15. Eisler  DL, McNabb  A, Jorgensen  DR, Isaac-Renton  JL. Use of an internal positive control in a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR to detect West Nile virus RNA in mosquito pools. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:841–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Lanciotti  RS, Kerst  AJ, Nasci  RS, Godsey  MS, Mitchell  CJ, Savage  HM, Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:4066–71.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Stone  WB, Okoniewski  JC, Therrien  JE, Kramer  LD, Kauffman  EB, Eidson  M. VecTest as diagnostic and surveillance tool for West Nile virus in dead birds. [PMID 15663856]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2175–81.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Wilson  LT, Barnett  WW. Degree-days: an aid in crop and pest management. Calif Agric. 1983;37:4–7.
  19. Allen  JC. A modified sine wave method for calculating degree-days. Environ Entomol. 1976;5:388–96.
  20. Pruess  KP. Day-degree methods for pest management. Environ Entomol. 1983;12:613–9.
  21. Zou  L, Miller  SN, Schmidtmann  ETA. GIS tool to estimate West Nile virus risk based on a degree-day model. Environ Monit Assess. 2007;129:413–20. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Washington State Department of Health. West Nile virus in Washington [cited 2009 May 12]. http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/zoo/wnv/Surveillance09.html
  23. Conly  JM, Johnston  BL. Why the west in West Nile virus infections? Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2007;18:285–8.[REMOVED HYPERLINK FIELD]PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Biggerstaff  BJ. PooledInfRate: a Microsoft Excel add-in to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples. Fort Collins (CO): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2006 [cited 2009 Dec 14]. http://www.cdc.gv/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/software.htm
  25. Hudson  P, Perkins  S, Cattadori  I. The emergence of wildlife disease and the application of ecology, In: Ostfeld R, Keesing F, Eviner, VT, editors. Infectious disease ecology: the effect of ecosystems on disease and of disease on ecosystems. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press, 2008. p. 347–67.
  26. Gibbs  SEJ, Wimberly  MC, Madden  M, Masour  J, Yabsley  MY, Stallknecht  DE. Factors affecting the geographic distribution of West Nile virus in Georgia, USA: 2002–2004. Vector-Borne Zoonot. Dis. 2006;6:73–82.
  27. Bailey  SF, Eliason  DA, Hoffmann  BL. Flight and dispersal of the mosquito Culex tarsalis coquillett in the Sacramento Valley of California. Hilgardia. 1965;37:73–113.
  28. Rappole  JH, Compton  BW, Leimgruber  P, Robertson  J, King  DI, Renner  SC. Modeling movement of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2006;6:128–39. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Rappole  JH, Derrickson  SR, Hubalek  Z. Migratory birds and West Nile virus. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;94(Suppl):47S–58S. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Shaman  J, Day  JF, Stieglitz  M. Drought-induced amplification and epidemic transmission of West Nile virus in southern Florida. J Med Entomol. 2005;42:134–41. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Becker  N. Influence of climate change on mosquito development and mosquito-borne diseases in Europe. Parasitol Res. 2008;103:19–28. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Reisen  W, Brault  AC. West Nile virus in North America: perspectives on epidemiology and intervention. Pest Manag Sci. 2007;63:641–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Kent  R, Juliusson  L, Weissmann  M, Evans  S, Komar  N. Seasonal blood-feeding behavior of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Weld County, Colorado, 2007. J Med Entomol. 2009;46:380–90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Nasci  RS, Savage  HM, White  DJ, Miller  JR, Cropp  BC, Godsey  MS, West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:742–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. National Weather Service. Climate Prediction Center. El Niño/southern oscillation (ENSO) diagnostic discussion [cited 2009 Dec 14]. http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/index.shtml
  36. McLean  DM, Chernesky  MA, Chernesky  SJ, Goddard  EJ, Ladyman  SR, Peers  RR, Arbovirus prevalence in the East Kootenay region, 1968. Can Med Assoc. 1969;100:320–236.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

1Members of the British Columbia WNV Surveillance Team: Lucy Beck, Victoria Bowes, Elizabeth Brodkin, Steve Chong, Ken Christian, Dalton Cross, Murray Fyfe, Roland Guasparini, Paul Hasselback, Randy Heilbron, Mira Leslie, James Lu, Craig Nowakowski, Robert Parker, Tim Shum, Kevin Touchet, and Eric Young.

Page created: March 30, 2011
Page updated: March 30, 2011
Page reviewed: March 30, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external