Volume 17, Number 9—September 2011
Research
Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in Miscarriage
David Baud, Genevieve Goy, Katia Jaton, Maria-Chiara Osterheld, Serafin Blumer, Nicole Borel, Yvan Vial, Patrick Hohlfeld, Andreas Pospischil, and Gilbert Greub
Table 1
Characteristics of 386 women, by miscarriage history, in a study of the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in miscarriage, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, November 2006–June 2009*
| Characteristic | Control group, no. (%), n = 261 | Miscarriage group, no. (%), n = 125 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y† | |||
| <35 | 194 (74.3) | 71 (56.8) | 0.001 |
| >35 |
67 (25.7) |
54 (43.2) |
|
| No. pregnancies‡ | |||
| 1 | 141 (54.0) | 38 (30.4) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 78 (29.9) | 32 (25.6) | |
| >2 |
42 (16.1) |
55 (44.0) |
|
| Parity§ | |||
| 0 | 160 (61.3) | 62 (49.6) | 0.066 |
| 1 | 72 (27.6) | 41 (32.8) | |
| >1 |
29 (11.1) |
22 (17.6) |
|
| Origin | |||
| European | 217 (83.1) | 69 (55.2) | <0.001 |
| Non-European |
44 (16.9) |
56 (44.8) |
|
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 201 (77.0) | 90 (72.0) | 0.193 |
| Single | 49 (18.8) | 24 (19.2) | |
| Divorced |
11 (4.2) |
11 (8.8) |
|
| Education | |||
| Non–university studies | 170 (65.1) | 96 (76.8) | 0.025 |
| University studies |
91 (34.9) |
29 (23.2) |
|
| No. lifetime sex partners | |||
| 1 | 58 (22.2) | 37 (29.6) | 0.031 |
| 2 or 3 | 43 (16.5) | 24 (19.2) | |
| 4–6 | 45 (17.2) | 10 (8.0) | |
| >6 | 36 (13.8) | 10 (8.0) | |
| No answer |
79 (30.3) |
44 (35.2) |
|
| Previously used contraceptive method | |||
| Pill | 101 (38.7) | 36 (28.8) | 0.093 |
| Condoms | 68 (26.1) | 34 (27.2) | |
| Other | 19 7.3) | 6 (4.8) | |
| Never used contraception |
73 (28.0) |
49 (39.2) |
|
| Smoking status | |||
| Nonsmoker | 224 (85.8) | 106 (84.8) | 0.877 |
| Smoker |
37 (14.2) |
19 (15.2) |
|
| C. trachomatis serologic results | |||
| IgG+ | 19 (7.3) | 19 (15.2) | 0.018 |
| IgA+ | 10 (3.8) | 10 (8.0) | 0.091 |
| IgG+ and IgA+ | 7 (2.7) | 9 (7.2) | 0.037 |
| IgG+ or IgA+ |
22 (8.4) |
20 (16.0) |
0.025 |
| C. trachomatis PCR | |||
| Cervicovaginal swab | 2 (0.8) | 5 (4.0) | 0.026 |
| Placenta | 2 (0.8) | 5 (4.0) | 0.026 |
| >1 PCR positive | 2 (0.8) | 6 (4.8) | 0.009 |
*Ig, immunoglobulin.
†Age, y, mean + SD: controls, 31.5 + 5.0; women with miscarriage, 33.3 + 6.1; p = 0.002.
‡No. pregnancies, mean + SD: controls, 1.7 + 0.9; women with miscarriage, 2.6 + 0.5; p<0.001.
§Parity, mean + SD: controls, 0.5 + 0.8; women with miscarriage, 0.8 + 1.0; p = 0.008.
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