Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 18, Number 1—January 2012
Dispatch

Outbreak of Leptospirosis after Flood, the Philippines, 2009

Al-shere T. Amilasan1, Mugen Ujiie1, Motoi SuzukiComments to Author , Eumelia Salva, Maria Cecilia P. Belo, Nobuo Koizumi, Kumiko Yoshimatsu, Wolf-Peter Schmidt, Shane Marte, Efren M. Dimaano, Jose Benito Villarama, and Koya Ariyoshi
Author affiliations: San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Republic of the Philippines (A.T. Amilasan, E. Salva, M.C.P. Belo, S. Marte, E.M. Dimaano, J.B. Villarama); National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (M. Ujiie); Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan (M. Ujiie, M. Suzuki, W.-P. Schmidt, K. Ariyoshi); National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo (N. Koizumi); Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (K. Yoshimatsu)

Main Article

Table 1

Characteristics of 471 leptospirosis patients, San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, the Philippines, 2009*

CharacteristicNo. (%) patients total, n = 471No. (%) patients who died, n = 51Univariate analysis
Risk ratio95% CI
Sex
M424 (90)45 (88.2)Reference
F47 (10)6 (11.8)1.20.54–2.67
Age >30 y†235 (49.9)37 (72.6)2.651.47–4.78
Low BMI, <20, n = 398129 (32.4)16 (35.6)1.150.65– 2.04
Clinical features, n = 471
Headache246 (52.2)19 (37.3)0.540.32–0.93
Myalgia361 (76.7)36 (70.6)0.730.42–1.29
Cough83 (17.6)3 (5.6)0.290.09–0.92
Malaise208 (44.2)23 (45.1)1.040.62–1.75
Vomiting272 (57.8)22 (43.1)0.560.33–0.94
Abdominal pain288 (61.2)28 (54.9)0.770.46–1.3
Diarrhea192 (40.8)24 (47.1)1.290.77–2.17
Conjunctival suffusion368 (78.1)41 (80.4)1.150.6–2.21
Jaundice225 (47.8)38 (74.5)3.21.74–5.84
Tea-colored urine156 (33.1)17 (33.3)1.010.58–1.75
Oliguria286 (60.7)27 (52.9)0.730.43–1.22
Anuria26 (5.5)10 (19.6)4.172.37–7.36
Hemoptysis15 (3.2)7 (13.7)4.842.63–8.9
Skin hemorrhage2 (0.4)0NA
Convulsion3 (0.6)1 (2)3.120.62–15.82
Dizziness43 (9.1)1 (2)0.20.03–1.41
Vital status at admission
Hypotension, <100 mm Hg, n = 455177 (38.9)14 (28.6)0.630.35–1.13
Tachycardia, >100 beats/min, n = 46184 (18.2)14 (27.5)1.70.96–3.0
Tachypnea, >20 breaths/min, n = 460253 (55)34 (66.7)1.640.94–2.84
Initial laboratory findings
Neutrophilia, >12 x 109 cells/L, n = 430171 (39.8)18 (58.1)2.11.05–4.17
Thrombocytopenia, <50 x 103 cells/L, n = 42650 (11.7)10 (33.3)3.761.87–7.57
AST >100 IU/L, n = 22044 (20)2 (28.6)1.60.32–8.0
ALT >100 IU/L, n = 22034 (15.5)2 (28.6)2.20.44–10.9
BUN >80 mg/dL, n = 385185 (48.1)12 (75)3.241.06–9.89
Cr >3.0 mg/dL, n = 413183 (44.3)13 (72.2)3.271.19–9.01

*BMI, body mass index; NA, not applicable; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine.
†Mean ± SD 31.3 ± 13.1 for total patients, 39.5 ± 13.6 for patients who died; risk ratio (95% CI) 1.04 (1.02–1.06).

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: December 16, 2011
Page updated: December 16, 2011
Page reviewed: December 16, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external