Volume 18, Number 1—January 2012
Dispatch
Outbreak of Leptospirosis after Flood, the Philippines, 2009
Al-shere T. Amilasan1, Mugen Ujiie1, Motoi Suzuki
, Eumelia Salva, Maria Cecilia P. Belo, Nobuo Koizumi, Kumiko Yoshimatsu, Wolf-Peter Schmidt, Shane Marte, Efren M. Dimaano, Jose Benito Villarama, and Koya Ariyoshi
, Eumelia Salva, Maria Cecilia P. Belo, Nobuo Koizumi, Kumiko Yoshimatsu, Wolf-Peter Schmidt, Shane Marte, Efren M. Dimaano, Jose Benito Villarama, and Koya Ariyoshi
Table 1
Characteristics of 471 leptospirosis patients, San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, the Philippines, 2009*
| Characteristic | No. (%) patients total, n = 471 | No. (%) patients who died, n = 51 | Univariate analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk ratio | 95% CI | |||
| Sex | ||||
| M | 424 (90) | 45 (88.2) | Reference | |
| F | 47 (10) | 6 (11.8) | 1.2 | 0.54–2.67 |
| Age >30 y† | 235 (49.9) | 37 (72.6) | 2.65 | 1.47–4.78 |
| Low BMI, <20, n = 398 | 129 (32.4) | 16 (35.6) | 1.15 | 0.65– 2.04 |
| Clinical features, n = 471 | ||||
| Headache | 246 (52.2) | 19 (37.3) | 0.54 | 0.32–0.93 |
| Myalgia | 361 (76.7) | 36 (70.6) | 0.73 | 0.42–1.29 |
| Cough | 83 (17.6) | 3 (5.6) | 0.29 | 0.09–0.92 |
| Malaise | 208 (44.2) | 23 (45.1) | 1.04 | 0.62–1.75 |
| Vomiting | 272 (57.8) | 22 (43.1) | 0.56 | 0.33–0.94 |
| Abdominal pain | 288 (61.2) | 28 (54.9) | 0.77 | 0.46–1.3 |
| Diarrhea | 192 (40.8) | 24 (47.1) | 1.29 | 0.77–2.17 |
| Conjunctival suffusion | 368 (78.1) | 41 (80.4) | 1.15 | 0.6–2.21 |
| Jaundice | 225 (47.8) | 38 (74.5) | 3.2 | 1.74–5.84 |
| Tea-colored urine | 156 (33.1) | 17 (33.3) | 1.01 | 0.58–1.75 |
| Oliguria | 286 (60.7) | 27 (52.9) | 0.73 | 0.43–1.22 |
| Anuria | 26 (5.5) | 10 (19.6) | 4.17 | 2.37–7.36 |
| Hemoptysis | 15 (3.2) | 7 (13.7) | 4.84 | 2.63–8.9 |
| Skin hemorrhage | 2 (0.4) | 0 | NA | |
| Convulsion | 3 (0.6) | 1 (2) | 3.12 | 0.62–15.82 |
| Dizziness | 43 (9.1) | 1 (2) | 0.2 | 0.03–1.41 |
| Vital status at admission | ||||
| Hypotension, <100 mm Hg, n = 455 | 177 (38.9) | 14 (28.6) | 0.63 | 0.35–1.13 |
| Tachycardia, >100 beats/min, n = 461 | 84 (18.2) | 14 (27.5) | 1.7 | 0.96–3.0 |
| Tachypnea, >20 breaths/min, n = 460 | 253 (55) | 34 (66.7) | 1.64 | 0.94–2.84 |
| Initial laboratory findings | ||||
| Neutrophilia, >12 x 109 cells/L, n = 430 | 171 (39.8) | 18 (58.1) | 2.1 | 1.05–4.17 |
| Thrombocytopenia, <50 x 103 cells/L, n = 426 | 50 (11.7) | 10 (33.3) | 3.76 | 1.87–7.57 |
| AST >100 IU/L, n = 220 | 44 (20) | 2 (28.6) | 1.6 | 0.32–8.0 |
| ALT >100 IU/L, n = 220 | 34 (15.5) | 2 (28.6) | 2.2 | 0.44–10.9 |
| BUN >80 mg/dL, n = 385 | 185 (48.1) | 12 (75) | 3.24 | 1.06–9.89 |
| Cr >3.0 mg/dL, n = 413 | 183 (44.3) | 13 (72.2) | 3.27 | 1.19–9.01 |
*BMI, body mass index; NA, not applicable; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine.
†Mean ± SD 31.3 ± 13.1 for total patients, 39.5 ± 13.6 for patients who died; risk ratio (95% CI) 1.04 (1.02–1.06).
1These authors contributed equally to this article.
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