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Issue Cover for Volume 18, Number 1—January 2012

Volume 18, Number 1—January 2012

[PDF - 7.63 MB - 207 pages]

Synopses

Medscape CME Activity
Intestinal Toxemia Botulism in 3 Adults, Ontario, Canada, 2006–2008 [PDF - 208 KB - 6 pages]
Y. D. Sheppard et al.

Five cases of intestinal toxemia botulism in adults were identified within an 18-month period in or near Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We describe findings for 3 of the 5 case-patients. Clinical samples contained Clostridium botulinum spores and botulinum neurotoxins (types A and B) for extended periods (range 41–61 days), indicative of intestinal toxemia botulism. Patients’ clinical signs improved with supportive care and administration of botulinum antitoxin. Peanut butter from the residence of 1 case-patient yielded C. botulinum type A, which corresponded with type A spores found in the patient’s feces. The food and clinical isolates from this case-patient could not be distinguished by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Two of the case-patients had Crohn disease and had undergone previous bowel surgery, which may have contributed to infection with C. botulinum. These cases reinforce the view that an underlying gastrointestinal condition is a risk factor for adult intestinal toxemia botulism.

EID Sheppard YD, Middleton D, Whitfield Y, Tyndel F, Haider S, Spiegelman J, et al. Intestinal Toxemia Botulism in 3 Adults, Ontario, Canada, 2006–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110533
AMA Sheppard YD, Middleton D, Whitfield Y, et al. Intestinal Toxemia Botulism in 3 Adults, Ontario, Canada, 2006–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):1-6. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110533.
APA Sheppard, Y. D., Middleton, D., Whitfield, Y., Tyndel, F., Haider, S., Spiegelman, J....Austin, J. W. (2012). Intestinal Toxemia Botulism in 3 Adults, Ontario, Canada, 2006–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110533.
Research

Serious Invasive Saffold Virus Infections in Children, 2009 [PDF - 245 KB]
A. Nielsen et al.

The first human virus in the genus Cardiovirus was described in 2007 and named Saffold virus (SAFV). Cardioviruses can cause severe infections of the myocardium and central nervous system in animals, but SAFV has not yet been convincingly associated with disease in humans. To study a possible association between SAFV and infections in the human central nervous system, we designed a real-time PCR for SAFV and tested cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from children <4 years of age. SAFV was detected in 2 children: in the CSF and a fecal sample from 1 child with monosymptomatic ataxia caused by cerebellitis; and in the CSF, blood, and myocardium of another child who died suddenly with no history of illness. Virus from each child was sequenced and shown to be SAFV type 2. These findings demonstrate that SAFV can cause serious invasive infection in children.

EID Nielsen A, Böttiger B, Banner J, Hoffmann T, Nielsen LP. Serious Invasive Saffold Virus Infections in Children, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):7-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110725
AMA Nielsen A, Böttiger B, Banner J, et al. Serious Invasive Saffold Virus Infections in Children, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):7-12. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110725.
APA Nielsen, A., Böttiger, B., Banner, J., Hoffmann, T., & Nielsen, L. P. (2012). Serious Invasive Saffold Virus Infections in Children, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110725.

Modeling Insights into Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease, Transmission, and Vaccine Programs [PDF - 444 KB - 8 pages]
M. L. Jackson et al.

In response to the 2007–2009 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine shortage in the United States, we developed a flexible model of Hib transmission and disease for optimizing Hib vaccine programs in diverse populations and situations. The model classifies population members by age, colonization/disease status, and antibody levels, with movement across categories defined by differential equations. We implemented the model for the United States as a whole, England and Wales, and the Alaska Native population. This model accurately simulated Hib incidence in all 3 populations, including the increased incidence in England/Wales beginning in 1999 and the change in Hib incidence in Alaska Natives after switching Hib vaccines in 1996. The model suggests that a vaccine shortage requiring deferral of the booster dose could last 3 years in the United States before loss of herd immunity would result in increasing rates of invasive Hib disease in children <5 years of age.

EID Jackson ML, Rose CE, Cohn A, Coronado F, Clark TA, Wenger JD, et al. Modeling Insights into Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease, Transmission, and Vaccine Programs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):13-20. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110336
AMA Jackson ML, Rose CE, Cohn A, et al. Modeling Insights into Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease, Transmission, and Vaccine Programs. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):13-20. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110336.
APA Jackson, M. L., Rose, C. E., Cohn, A., Coronado, F., Clark, T. A., Wenger, J. D....Hennessy, T. W. (2012). Modeling Insights into Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease, Transmission, and Vaccine Programs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110336.

Assessing Prion Infectivity of Human Urine in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease [PDF - 800 KB - 8 pages]
S. Notari et al.

Prion diseases are neurodegenerative conditions associated with a misfolded and infectious protein, scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). PrPSc propagate prion diseases within and between species and thus pose risks to public health. Prion infectivity or PrPSc presence has been demonstrated in urine of experimentally infected animals, but there are no recent studies of urine from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). We performed bioassays in transgenic mice expressing human PrP to assess prion infectivity in urine from patients affected by a common subtype of sporadic CJD, sCJDMM1. We tested raw urine and 100-fold concentrated and dialyzed urine and assessed the sensitivity of the bioassay along with the effect of concentration and dialysis on prion infectivity. Intracerebral inoculation of transgenic mice with urine from 3 sCJDMM1 patients failed to demonstrate prion disease transmission, indicating that prion infectivity in urine from sCJDMM1 patients is either not present or is <0.38 infectious units/mL.

EID Notari S, Qing L, Pocchiari M, Dagdanova A, Hatcher K, Dogterom A, et al. Assessing Prion Infectivity of Human Urine in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):21-28. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110589
AMA Notari S, Qing L, Pocchiari M, et al. Assessing Prion Infectivity of Human Urine in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):21-28. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110589.
APA Notari, S., Qing, L., Pocchiari, M., Dagdanova, A., Hatcher, K., Dogterom, A....Gambetti, P. (2012). Assessing Prion Infectivity of Human Urine in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110589.

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Swaziland, 2009–2010 [PDF - 294 KB]
E. Sanchez-Padilla et al.

In Africa, although emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) represents a serious threat in countries severely affected by the HIV epidemic, most countries lack drug-resistant TB data. This finding was particularly true in the Kingdom of Swaziland, which has the world’s highest HIV and TB prevalences. Therefore, we conducted a national survey in 2009–2010 to measure prevalence of drug-resistant TB. Of 988 patients screened, 420 new case-patients and 420 previously treated case-patients met the study criteria. Among culture-positive patients, 15.3% new case-patients and 49.5% previously treated case-patients harbored drug-resistant strains. MDR TB prevalence was 7.7% and 33.8% among new case-patients and previously treated case-patients, respectively. HIV infection and past TB treatment were independently associated with MDR TB. The findings assert the need for wide-scale intervention in resource-limited contexts such as Swaziland, where diagnostic and treatment facilities and health personnel are lacking.

EID Sanchez-Padilla E, Dlamini T, Ascorra A, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Tefera Z, Calain P, et al. High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Swaziland, 2009–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):29-37. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110850
AMA Sanchez-Padilla E, Dlamini T, Ascorra A, et al. High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Swaziland, 2009–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):29-37. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110850.
APA Sanchez-Padilla, E., Dlamini, T., Ascorra, A., Rüsch-Gerdes, S., Tefera, Z., Calain, P....Bonnet, M. (2012). High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Swaziland, 2009–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110850.

Medscape CME Activity
Accelerating Control of Pertussis in England and Wales [PDF - 330 KB - 10 pages]
H. Campbell et al.

Results of an accelerated pertussis vaccination schedule for infants introduced in 1990 in England and Wales were examined. Earlier scheduling and sustained high vaccine coverage resulted in fewer reported cases of pertussis among infants, reinforcing the World Health Organization drive for on-time completion of the infant vaccination schedule. As determined by using the screening method, the first dose of vaccine was 61.7% effective in infants <6 months of age, and effectiveness increased with subsequent doses. Three doses of a good whole-cell pertussis vaccine were 83.7% effective in children 10–16 years of age; a preschool booster vaccination further reduced pertussis incidence in children <10 years of age. As in other industrialized countries, surveillance data during 1998–2009 showed that pertussis in England and Wales mainly persists in young infants (i.e., <3 months of age), teenagers, and adults. Future vaccine program changes may be beneficial, but additional detail is required to inform such decisions.

EID Campbell H, Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, Fry NK, George RC, Harrison T, et al. Accelerating Control of Pertussis in England and Wales. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):38-47. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110784
AMA Campbell H, Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, et al. Accelerating Control of Pertussis in England and Wales. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):38-47. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110784.
APA Campbell, H., Amirthalingam, G., Andrews, N., Fry, N. K., George, R. C., Harrison, T....Miller, E. (2012). Accelerating Control of Pertussis in England and Wales. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110784.

The 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic in Boyacá, Colombia [PDF - 454 KB]
G. Chowell et al.

To quantify age-specific excess-mortality rates and transmissibility patterns for the 1918–20 influenza pandemic in Boyacá, Colombia, we reviewed archival mortality records. We identified a severe pandemic wave during October 1918–January1919 associated with 40 excess deaths per 10,000 population. The age profile for excess deaths was W shaped; highest mortality rates were among infants (<5 y of age), followed by elderly persons (>60 y) and young adults (25–29 y). Mean reproduction number was estimated at 1.4–1.7, assuming 3- or 4-day generation intervals. Boyacá, unlike cities in Europe, the United States, or Mexico, experienced neither a herald pandemic wave of deaths early in 1918 nor a recrudescent wave in 1920. In agreement with reports from Mexico, our study found no death-sparing effect for elderly persons in Colombia. We found regional disparities in prior immunity and timing of introduction of the 1918 pandemic virus across populations.

EID Chowell G, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Miller MA, Acuna-Soto R, Díaz JM, et al. The 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic in Boyacá, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):48-56. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.101969
AMA Chowell G, Viboud C, Simonsen L, et al. The 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic in Boyacá, Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):48-56. doi:10.3201/eid1801.101969.
APA Chowell, G., Viboud, C., Simonsen, L., Miller, M. A., Acuna-Soto, R., Díaz, J. M....Martínez-Martín, A. (2012). The 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic in Boyacá, Colombia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.101969.

Use of Lean Response to Improve Pandemic Influenza Surge in Public Health Laboratories [PDF - 469 KB]
J. L. Isaac-Renton et al.

A novel influenza A (H1N1) virus detected in April 2009 rapidly spread around the world. North American provincial and state laboratories have well-defined roles and responsibilities, including providing accurate, timely test results for patients and information for regional public health and other decision makers. We used the multidisciplinary response and rapid implementation of process changes based on Lean methods at the provincial public health laboratory in British Columbia, Canada, to improve laboratory surge capacity in the 2009 influenza pandemic. Observed and computer simulating evaluation results from rapid processes changes showed that use of Lean tools successfully expanded surge capacity, which enabled response to the 10-fold increase in testing demands.

EID Isaac-Renton JL, Chang Y, Prystajecky N, Petric M, Mak A, Abbott B, et al. Use of Lean Response to Improve Pandemic Influenza Surge in Public Health Laboratories. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):57-62. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.101485
AMA Isaac-Renton JL, Chang Y, Prystajecky N, et al. Use of Lean Response to Improve Pandemic Influenza Surge in Public Health Laboratories. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):57-62. doi:10.3201/eid1801.101485.
APA Isaac-Renton, J. L., Chang, Y., Prystajecky, N., Petric, M., Mak, A., Abbott, B....Miller, J. D. (2012). Use of Lean Response to Improve Pandemic Influenza Surge in Public Health Laboratories. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.101485.

Invasive Meningococcal Capsular Group Y Disease, England and Wales, 2007–2009 [PDF - 322 KB - 8 pages]
S. N. Ladhani et al.

Enhanced national surveillance for invasive meningococcal disease in England and Wales identified an increase in laboratory-confirmed capsular group Y (MenY) disease from 34 cases in 2007 to 44 in 2008 and 65 in 2009. For cases diagnosed in 2009, patient median age at disease onset was 60 years; 39% of patients had underlying medical conditions, and 19% died. MenY isolates causing invasive disease during 2007–2009 belonged mainly to 1 of 4 clonal complexes (cc), cc23 (56% of isolates), cc174 (21%), cc167 (11%), and cc22 (8%). The 2009 increase resulted primarily from sequence type 1655 (cc23) (22 cases in 2009, compared with 4 cases each in 2007 and 2008). cc23 was associated with lpxL1 mutations and meningitis in younger age groups (<25 years); cc174 was associated with nonmeningitis, particularly pneumonia, in older age groups (>65 years). The increase in MenY disease requires careful epidemiologic and molecular monitoring.

EID Ladhani SN, Lucidarme J, Newbold LS, Gray SJ, Carr AD, Findlow J, et al. Invasive Meningococcal Capsular Group Y Disease, England and Wales, 2007–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):63-70. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110901
AMA Ladhani SN, Lucidarme J, Newbold LS, et al. Invasive Meningococcal Capsular Group Y Disease, England and Wales, 2007–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):63-70. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110901.
APA Ladhani, S. N., Lucidarme, J., Newbold, L. S., Gray, S. J., Carr, A. D., Findlow, J....Borrow, R. (2012). Invasive Meningococcal Capsular Group Y Disease, England and Wales, 2007–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110901.
Historical Review

Differential Mortality Rates by Ethnicity in 3 Influenza Pandemics Over a Century, New Zealand [PDF - 260 KB]
N. Wilson et al.

Evidence suggests that indigenous populations have suffered disproportionately from past influenza pandemics. To examine any such patterns for Māori in New Zealand, we searched the literature and performed new analyses by using additional datasets. The Māori death rate in the 1918 pandemic (4,230/100,000 population) was 7.3× the European rate. In the 1957 pandemic, the Māori death rate (40/100,000) was 6.2× the European rate. In the 2009 pandemic, the Māori rate was higher than the European rate (rate ratio 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.3–5.3). These findings suggest some decline in pandemic-related ethnic inequalities in death rates over the past century. Nevertheless, the persistent excess in adverse outcomes for Māori, and for Pacific persons residing in New Zealand, highlights the need for improved public health responses.

EID Wilson N, Barnard L, Summers JA, Shanks G, Baker MG. Differential Mortality Rates by Ethnicity in 3 Influenza Pandemics Over a Century, New Zealand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):71-77. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110035
AMA Wilson N, Barnard L, Summers JA, et al. Differential Mortality Rates by Ethnicity in 3 Influenza Pandemics Over a Century, New Zealand. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):71-77. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110035.
APA Wilson, N., Barnard, L., Summers, J. A., Shanks, G., & Baker, M. G. (2012). Differential Mortality Rates by Ethnicity in 3 Influenza Pandemics Over a Century, New Zealand. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110035.

Daily Newspaper View of Dengue Fever Epidemic, Athens, Greece, 1927–1931 [PDF - 213 KB]
C. Louis

During the late summers of 1927 and 1928, a biphasic dengue epidemic affected the Athens, Greece, metropolitan area; >90% of the population became sick, and >1,000 persons (1,553 in the entire country) died. This epidemic was the most recent and most serious dengue fever epidemic in Europe. Review of all articles published by one of the most influential Greek daily newspapers (I Kathimerini) during the epidemic and the years that followed it did not shed light on the controversy about whether the high number of deaths resulted from dengue hemorrhagic fever after sequential infections with dengue virus types 1 and 2 or to a particularly virulent type 1 virus. Nevertheless, study of the old reports is crucial considering the relatively recent introduction of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and the frequent warnings of a possible reemergence of dengue fever in Europe.

EID Louis C. Daily Newspaper View of Dengue Fever Epidemic, Athens, Greece, 1927–1931. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):78-82. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110191
AMA Louis C. Daily Newspaper View of Dengue Fever Epidemic, Athens, Greece, 1927–1931. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):78-82. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110191.
APA Louis, C. (2012). Daily Newspaper View of Dengue Fever Epidemic, Athens, Greece, 1927–1931. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 78-82. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110191.
Dispatches

Unexpected Result of Hendra Virus Outbreaks for Veterinarians, Queensland, Australia [PDF - 205 KB]
D. H. Mendez et al.

A qualitative study of equine veterinarians and allied staff from Queensland, Australia, showed that veterinarians are ceasing equine practice because of fears related to Hendra virus. Their decisions were motivated by personal safety and legal liability concerns.

EID Mendez DH, Judd J, Speare R. Unexpected Result of Hendra Virus Outbreaks for Veterinarians, Queensland, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):83-85. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111006
AMA Mendez DH, Judd J, Speare R. Unexpected Result of Hendra Virus Outbreaks for Veterinarians, Queensland, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):83-85. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111006.
APA Mendez, D. H., Judd, J., & Speare, R. (2012). Unexpected Result of Hendra Virus Outbreaks for Veterinarians, Queensland, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 83-85. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111006.

Candida spp. with Acquired Echinocandin Resistance, France, 2004–2010 [PDF - 261 KB]
E. Dannaoui et al.

We report 20 episodes of infection caused by acquired echinocandin-resistant Candida spp. harboring diverse and new Fksp mutations. For 12 patients, initial isolates (low MIC, wild-type Fksp sequence) and subsequent isolates (after caspofungin treatment, high MIC, mutated Fksp) were genetically related.

EID Dannaoui E, Desnos-Ollivier M, Garcia-Hermoso D, Grenouillet F, Cassaing S, Baixench M, et al. Candida spp. with Acquired Echinocandin Resistance, France, 2004–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):86-90. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110556
AMA Dannaoui E, Desnos-Ollivier M, Garcia-Hermoso D, et al. Candida spp. with Acquired Echinocandin Resistance, France, 2004–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):86-90. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110556.
APA Dannaoui, E., Desnos-Ollivier, M., Garcia-Hermoso, D., Grenouillet, F., Cassaing, S., Baixench, M....Lortholary, O. (2012). Candida spp. with Acquired Echinocandin Resistance, France, 2004–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 86-90. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110556.

Outbreak of Leptospirosis after Flood, the Philippines, 2009 [PDF - 160 KB]
A. T. Amilasan et al.

After a typhoon in September 2009, an outbreak of leptospirosis occurred in Metro Manila, the Philippines; 471 patients were hospitalized and 51 (10.8%) died. A hospital-based investigation found risk factors associated with fatal infection to be older age, hemoptysis, anuria, jaundice, and delayed treatment with antimicrobial drugs.

EID Amilasan AT, Ujiie M, Suzuki M, Salva E, Belo MP, Koizumi N, et al. Outbreak of Leptospirosis after Flood, the Philippines, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):91-94. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.101892
AMA Amilasan AT, Ujiie M, Suzuki M, et al. Outbreak of Leptospirosis after Flood, the Philippines, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):91-94. doi:10.3201/eid1801.101892.
APA Amilasan, A. T., Ujiie, M., Suzuki, M., Salva, E., Belo, M. P., Koizumi, N....Ariyoshi, K. (2012). Outbreak of Leptospirosis after Flood, the Philippines, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 91-94. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.101892.

Legionella longbeachae and Endocarditis [PDF - 249 KB - 3 pages]
N. Leggieri et al.

We report a case of infectious endocarditis attributable to Legionella longbeachae. L. longbeachae is usually associated with lung infections. It is commonly found in composted waste wood products. L. longbeachae should be regarded as an agent of infectious endocarditis, notably in the context of gardening involving handling of potting soils.

EID Leggieri N, Gouriet F, Thuny F, Habib G, Raoult D, Casalta J. Legionella longbeachae and Endocarditis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):95-97. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110579
AMA Leggieri N, Gouriet F, Thuny F, et al. Legionella longbeachae and Endocarditis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):95-97. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110579.
APA Leggieri, N., Gouriet, F., Thuny, F., Habib, G., Raoult, D., & Casalta, J. (2012). Legionella longbeachae and Endocarditis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 95-97. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110579.

Emergence of Blastoschizomyces capitatus Yeast Infections, Central Europe [PDF - 226 KB]
T. Birrenbach et al.

We report 5 cases of disseminated infection caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus yeast in central Switzerland. The emergence of this yeast in an area in which it is not known to be endemic should alert clinicians caring for immunocompromised patients outside the Mediterranean region to consider infections caused by unfamiliar fungal pathogens.

EID Birrenbach T, Bertschy S, Aebersold F, Mueller NJ, Achermann Y, Muehlethaler K, et al. Emergence of Blastoschizomyces capitatus Yeast Infections, Central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):98-101. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111192
AMA Birrenbach T, Bertschy S, Aebersold F, et al. Emergence of Blastoschizomyces capitatus Yeast Infections, Central Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):98-101. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111192.
APA Birrenbach, T., Bertschy, S., Aebersold, F., Mueller, N. J., Achermann, Y., Muehlethaler, K....Zimmerli, S. (2012). Emergence of Blastoschizomyces capitatus Yeast Infections, Central Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111192.

Asymmetric Type F Botulism with Cranial Nerve Demyelination [PDF - 311 KB]
A. Filozov et al.

We report a case of type F botulism in a patient with bilateral but asymmetric neurologic deficits. Cranial nerve demyelination was found during autopsy. Bilateral, asymmetric clinical signs, although rare, do not rule out botulism. Demyelination of cranial nerves might be underrecognized during autopsy of botulism patients.

EID Filozov A, Kattan JA, Jitendranath L, Smith C, Lúquez C, Phan QN, et al. Asymmetric Type F Botulism with Cranial Nerve Demyelination. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):102-104. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110471
AMA Filozov A, Kattan JA, Jitendranath L, et al. Asymmetric Type F Botulism with Cranial Nerve Demyelination. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):102-104. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110471.
APA Filozov, A., Kattan, J. A., Jitendranath, L., Smith, C., Lúquez, C., Phan, Q. N....Fagan, R. P. (2012). Asymmetric Type F Botulism with Cranial Nerve Demyelination. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 102-104. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110471.

MRSA USA300 at Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2000–2006 [PDF - 203 KB - 4 pages]
M. Z. David et al.

To determine whether methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 commonly caused infections among Alaska Natives, we examined clinical MRSA isolates from the Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, during 2000–2006. Among Anchorage-region residents, USA300 was a minor constituent among MRSA isolates in 2000–2003 (11/68, 16%); by 2006, USA300 was the exclusive genotype identified (10/10).

EID David MZ, Rudolph KM, Hennessy TW, Zychowski DL, Asthi K, Boyle-Vavra S, et al. MRSA USA300 at Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2000–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):105-108. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110746
AMA David MZ, Rudolph KM, Hennessy TW, et al. MRSA USA300 at Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2000–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):105-108. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110746.
APA David, M. Z., Rudolph, K. M., Hennessy, T. W., Zychowski, D. L., Asthi, K., Boyle-Vavra, S....Daum, R. S. (2012). MRSA USA300 at Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2000–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 105-108. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110746.

Mutations I117V and I117M and Oseltamivir Sensitivity of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Viruses [PDF - 313 KB - 4 pages]
A. C. Hurt et al.

Analysis of mutations I117V and I117M in the neuraminidase of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses showed that I117V confers a mild reduction in oseltamivir sensitivity and has a synergistic effect of further increasing resistance when combined with H275Y. Contrary to recent reports, the I117M mutation does not alter oseltamivir sensitivity.

EID Hurt AC, Leang SK, Speers DJ, Barr I, Maurer-Stroh S. Mutations I117V and I117M and Oseltamivir Sensitivity of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):109-112. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111079
AMA Hurt AC, Leang SK, Speers DJ, et al. Mutations I117V and I117M and Oseltamivir Sensitivity of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):109-112. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111079.
APA Hurt, A. C., Leang, S. K., Speers, D. J., Barr, I., & Maurer-Stroh, S. (2012). Mutations I117V and I117M and Oseltamivir Sensitivity of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 109-112. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111079.

Multistate Outbreak of MDR TB Identified by Genotype Cluster Investigation [PDF - 247 KB - 4 pages]
P. M. Barry et al.

In 2008, diagnosis and investigation of 2 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases with matching genotypes led to identification of an outbreak among foreign-born persons who performed short-term seafood production work in Alaska during 2006. Tuberculosis control programs should consider the possibility of domestic transmission even among foreign-born patients.

EID Barry PM, Gardner TJ, Funk E, Oren E, Field K, Shaw T, et al. Multistate Outbreak of MDR TB Identified by Genotype Cluster Investigation. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):113-116. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110671
AMA Barry PM, Gardner TJ, Funk E, et al. Multistate Outbreak of MDR TB Identified by Genotype Cluster Investigation. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):113-116. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110671.
APA Barry, P. M., Gardner, T. J., Funk, E., Oren, E., Field, K., Shaw, T....Langer, A. J. (2012). Multistate Outbreak of MDR TB Identified by Genotype Cluster Investigation. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 113-116. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110671.

Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium africanum, Burkina Faso [PDF - 190 KB]
M. K. Gomgnimbou et al.

Using Ziehl-Neelsen–positive slides collected from tuberculosis diagnostic centers in Burkina Faso, we showed that 20% of 80 spoligotyping-positive DNA samples had a characteristic Mycobacterium africanum–specific genomic signature. This result suggests that M. africanum is still present in Burkina Faso at almost the same prevalence as 15–20 years ago.

EID Gomgnimbou MK, Refrégier G, Diagbouga S, Adama S, Kaboré A, Ouiminga A, et al. Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium africanum, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):117-119. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110275
AMA Gomgnimbou MK, Refrégier G, Diagbouga S, et al. Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium africanum, Burkina Faso. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):117-119. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110275.
APA Gomgnimbou, M. K., Refrégier, G., Diagbouga, S., Adama, S., Kaboré, A., Ouiminga, A....Sola, C. (2012). Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium africanum, Burkina Faso. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 117-119. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110275.

Molecular Evolution of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Gene, Canada, 2006–2010 [PDF - 356 KB]
J. Papenburg et al.

To assess molecular evolution of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion gene, we analyzed RSV-positive specimens from 123 children in Canada who did or did not receive RSV immunoprophylaxis (palivizumab) during 2006–2010. Resistance-conferring mutations within the palivizumab binding site occurred in 8.7% of palivizumab recipients and none of the nonrecipients.

EID Papenburg J, Carbonneau J, Hamelin M, Isabel S, Bouhy X, Ohoumanne N, et al. Molecular Evolution of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Gene, Canada, 2006–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):120-124. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110515
AMA Papenburg J, Carbonneau J, Hamelin M, et al. Molecular Evolution of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Gene, Canada, 2006–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):120-124. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110515.
APA Papenburg, J., Carbonneau, J., Hamelin, M., Isabel, S., Bouhy, X., Ohoumanne, N....Boivin, G. (2012). Molecular Evolution of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Gene, Canada, 2006–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 120-124. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110515.

Colpodella spp.–like Parasite Infection in Woman, China [PDF - 278 KB]
C. L. Yuan et al.

The phylum Apicomplexa comprises intracellular protozoa that include many human pathogens. Their nearest relatives are chromerids and colpodellids. We report a case of a Babesia spp.–like relapsing infection caused by a newly described microorganism related to the Apicomplexa. This case is highly suggestive of a previously undescribed type of colpodellid that infects vertebrates.

EID Yuan CL, Keeling PJ, Krause PJ, Horak A, Bent S, Rollend L, et al. Colpodella spp.–like Parasite Infection in Woman, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):125-127. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110716
AMA Yuan CL, Keeling PJ, Krause PJ, et al. Colpodella spp.–like Parasite Infection in Woman, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):125-127. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110716.
APA Yuan, C. L., Keeling, P. J., Krause, P. J., Horak, A., Bent, S., Rollend, L....Hua, X. G. (2012). Colpodella spp.–like Parasite Infection in Woman, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 125-127. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110716.

Babesiosis among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries, United States, 2006–2008 [PDF - 266 KB]
M. Menis et al.

We used administrative databases to assess babesiosis among elderly persons in the United States by year, sex, age, race, state of residence, and diagnosis months during 2006–2008. The highest babesiosis rates were in Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and Massachusetts, and findings suggested babesiosis expansion to other states.

EID Menis M, Anderson SA, Izurieta HS, Kumar S, Burwen DR, Gibbs J, et al. Babesiosis among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries, United States, 2006–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):128-131. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110305
AMA Menis M, Anderson SA, Izurieta HS, et al. Babesiosis among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries, United States, 2006–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):128-131. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110305.
APA Menis, M., Anderson, S. A., Izurieta, H. S., Kumar, S., Burwen, D. R., Gibbs, J....Walderhaug, M. O. (2012). Babesiosis among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries, United States, 2006–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 128-131. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110305.

Foodborne Outbreak and Nonmotile Salmonella enterica Variant, France [PDF - 171 KB - 3 pages]
S. Le Hello et al.

We report a food-related outbreak of salmonellosis in humans caused by a nonmotile variant of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in France in 2009. This nonmotile variant had been circulating in laying hens but was not considered as Typhimurium and consequently escaped European poultry flock regulations.

EID Le Hello S, Brisabois A, Accou-Demartin M, Josse A, Marault M, Francart S, et al. Foodborne Outbreak and Nonmotile Salmonella enterica Variant, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):132-134. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110450
AMA Le Hello S, Brisabois A, Accou-Demartin M, et al. Foodborne Outbreak and Nonmotile Salmonella enterica Variant, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):132-134. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110450.
APA Le Hello, S., Brisabois, A., Accou-Demartin, M., Josse, A., Marault, M., Francart, S....Weill, F. (2012). Foodborne Outbreak and Nonmotile Salmonella enterica Variant, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 132-134. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110450.

Dengue Outbreak in Key West, Florida, USA, 2009 [PDF - 158 KB - 3 pages]
E. G. Radke et al.

After 3 dengue cases were acquired in Key West, Florida, we conducted a serosurvey to determine the scope of the outbreak. Thirteen residents showed recent infection (infection rate 5%; 90% CI 2%–8%), demonstrating the reemergence of dengue in Florida. Increased awareness of dengue among health care providers is needed.

EID Radke EG, Gregory CJ, Kintziger KW, Sauber-Schatz EK, Hunsperger E, Gallagher GR, et al. Dengue Outbreak in Key West, Florida, USA, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):135-137. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110130
AMA Radke EG, Gregory CJ, Kintziger KW, et al. Dengue Outbreak in Key West, Florida, USA, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):135-137. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110130.
APA Radke, E. G., Gregory, C. J., Kintziger, K. W., Sauber-Schatz, E. K., Hunsperger, E., Gallagher, G. R....Blackmore, C. (2012). Dengue Outbreak in Key West, Florida, USA, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 135-137. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110130.

Rabies in Captive Deer, Pennsylvania, USA, 2007–2010 [PDF - 396 KB - 4 pages]
B. W. Petersen et al.

Since January 2007, a total of 11 rabid deer from 4 deer farms have been identified in 2 neighboring Pennsylvania counties. Vaccination of deer against rabies, decreasing wildlife animal contact with deer, and education of deer farmers may prevent further cases of rabies in captive deer and exposures to humans.

EID Petersen BW, Tack DM, Longenberger A, Simeone A, Moll ME, Deasy MP, et al. Rabies in Captive Deer, Pennsylvania, USA, 2007–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):138-141. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111189
AMA Petersen BW, Tack DM, Longenberger A, et al. Rabies in Captive Deer, Pennsylvania, USA, 2007–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):138-141. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111189.
APA Petersen, B. W., Tack, D. M., Longenberger, A., Simeone, A., Moll, M. E., Deasy, M. P....Rupprecht, C. E. (2012). Rabies in Captive Deer, Pennsylvania, USA, 2007–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 138-141. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111189.

Oral Transmission of L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Primate Model [PDF - 361 KB - 4 pages]
N. Mestre-Francés et al.

We report transmission of atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy to mouse lemurs after oral or intracerebral inoculation with infected bovine brain tissue. After neurologic symptoms appeared, transmissibility of the disease by both inoculation routes was confirmed by detection of disease-associated prion protein in samples of brain tissue.

EID Mestre-Francés N, Nicot S, Rouland S, Biacabe A, Quadrio I, Perret-Liaudet A, et al. Oral Transmission of L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Primate Model. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):142-145. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111092
AMA Mestre-Francés N, Nicot S, Rouland S, et al. Oral Transmission of L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Primate Model. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):142-145. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111092.
APA Mestre-Francés, N., Nicot, S., Rouland, S., Biacabe, A., Quadrio, I., Perret-Liaudet, A....Verdier, J. (2012). Oral Transmission of L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Primate Model. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 142-145. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111092.

Early Detection of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Bangladesh [PDF - 239 KB]
E. Azziz-Baumgartner et al.

To explore Bangladesh’s ability to detect novel influenza, we examined a series of laboratory-confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009 cases. During June–July 2009, event-based surveillance identified 30 case-patients (57% travelers); starting July 29, sentinel sites identified 252 case-patients (1% travelers). Surveillance facilitated response weeks before the spread of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection to the general population.

EID Azziz-Baumgartner E, Rahman M, Al Mamun A, Haider M, Zaman R, Karmakar P, et al. Early Detection of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):146-149. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.101996
AMA Azziz-Baumgartner E, Rahman M, Al Mamun A, et al. Early Detection of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):146-149. doi:10.3201/eid1801.101996.
APA Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Rahman, M., Al Mamun, A., Haider, M., Zaman, R., Karmakar, P....Luby, S. P. (2012). Early Detection of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 146-149. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.101996.

Human Herpesvirus 8 Seroprevalence, China [PDF - 174 KB - 3 pages]
N. He et al.

To summarize the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in mainland China, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on available literature. Data show that differences in HHV-8 prevalence vary considerably among different ethnic groups and geographic regions. Blood-borne transmission could be a potential route for HHV-8 infection in China.

EID He N, Shao X, Chen Y, Zhang T, Minhas V, Wood C, et al. Human Herpesvirus 8 Seroprevalence, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):150-152. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.102070
AMA He N, Shao X, Chen Y, et al. Human Herpesvirus 8 Seroprevalence, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):150-152. doi:10.3201/eid1801.102070.
APA He, N., Shao, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, T., Minhas, V., Wood, C....Zhang, T. (2012). Human Herpesvirus 8 Seroprevalence, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 150-152. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.102070.
Letters

Novel Prion Protein in BSE-affected Cattle, Switzerland [PDF - 207 KB - 2 pages]
T. Seuberlich et al.
EID Seuberlich T, Gsponer M, Drögemüller C, Polak MP, McCutcheon S, Heim D, et al. Novel Prion Protein in BSE-affected Cattle, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):158-159. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111225
AMA Seuberlich T, Gsponer M, Drögemüller C, et al. Novel Prion Protein in BSE-affected Cattle, Switzerland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):158-159. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111225.
APA Seuberlich, T., Gsponer, M., Drögemüller, C., Polak, M. P., McCutcheon, S., Heim, D....Zurbriggen, A. (2012). Novel Prion Protein in BSE-affected Cattle, Switzerland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 158-159. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111225.

Hantavirus in Bat, Sierra Leone [PDF - 269 KB - 3 pages]
S. Weiss et al.
EID Weiss S, Witkowski PT, Auste B, Nowak K, Weber N, Fahr J, et al. Hantavirus in Bat, Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):159-161. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111026
AMA Weiss S, Witkowski PT, Auste B, et al. Hantavirus in Bat, Sierra Leone. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):159-161. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111026.
APA Weiss, S., Witkowski, P. T., Auste, B., Nowak, K., Weber, N., Fahr, J....Kruger, D. H. (2012). Hantavirus in Bat, Sierra Leone. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 159-161. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111026.

Outbreak of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Suckling Piglets, China [PDF - 206 KB - 3 pages]
R. Sun et al.
EID Sun R, Cai R, Chen Y, Liang P, Chen D, Song C. Outbreak of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Suckling Piglets, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):161-163. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111259
AMA Sun R, Cai R, Chen Y, et al. Outbreak of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Suckling Piglets, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):161-163. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111259.
APA Sun, R., Cai, R., Chen, Y., Liang, P., Chen, D., & Song, C. (2012). Outbreak of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Suckling Piglets, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 161-163. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111259.

Bartonella quintana Transmission from Mite to Family with High Socioeconomic Status [PDF - 214 KB]
O. Melter et al.
EID Melter O, Arvand M, Votýpka J, Hulínská D. Bartonella quintana Transmission from Mite to Family with High Socioeconomic Status. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):163-165. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110186
AMA Melter O, Arvand M, Votýpka J, et al. Bartonella quintana Transmission from Mite to Family with High Socioeconomic Status. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):163-165. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110186.
APA Melter, O., Arvand, M., Votýpka, J., & Hulínská, D. (2012). Bartonella quintana Transmission from Mite to Family with High Socioeconomic Status. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 163-165. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110186.

Urban Transmission of Human African Trypanosomiasis, Gabon [PDF - 215 KB]
F. Simon et al.
EID Simon F, Mura M, Pagès F, Morand G, Truc P, Louis F, et al. Urban Transmission of Human African Trypanosomiasis, Gabon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):165-167. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111384
AMA Simon F, Mura M, Pagès F, et al. Urban Transmission of Human African Trypanosomiasis, Gabon. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):165-167. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111384.
APA Simon, F., Mura, M., Pagès, F., Morand, G., Truc, P., Louis, F....Gautret, P. (2012). Urban Transmission of Human African Trypanosomiasis, Gabon. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 165-167. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111384.

Rickettsia felis Infections, New Zealand [PDF - 191 KB - 3 pages]
M. Lim et al.
EID Lim M, Brady H, Hambling T, Sexton K, Tompkins D, Slaney D. Rickettsia felis Infections, New Zealand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):167-169. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110996
AMA Lim M, Brady H, Hambling T, et al. Rickettsia felis Infections, New Zealand. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):167-169. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110996.
APA Lim, M., Brady, H., Hambling, T., Sexton, K., Tompkins, D., & Slaney, D. (2012). Rickettsia felis Infections, New Zealand. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 167-169. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110996.

Identifying Risk Factors for Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli by Payment Information [PDF - 296 KB - 2 pages]
H. Wilking et al.
EID Wilking H, Götsch U, Meier H, Thiele D, Askar M, Dehnert M, et al. Identifying Risk Factors for Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli by Payment Information. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):169-170. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111044
AMA Wilking H, Götsch U, Meier H, et al. Identifying Risk Factors for Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli by Payment Information. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):169-170. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111044.
APA Wilking, H., Götsch, U., Meier, H., Thiele, D., Askar, M., Dehnert, M....Gottschalk, R. (2012). Identifying Risk Factors for Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli by Payment Information. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 169-170. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111044.

Brill-Zinsser Disease in Moroccan Man, France, 2011 [PDF - 186 KB]
J. Faucher et al.
EID Faucher J, Socolovschi C, Aubry C, Chirouze C, Hustache-Mathieu L, Raoult D, et al. Brill-Zinsser Disease in Moroccan Man, France, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):171-172. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111057
AMA Faucher J, Socolovschi C, Aubry C, et al. Brill-Zinsser Disease in Moroccan Man, France, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):171-172. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111057.
APA Faucher, J., Socolovschi, C., Aubry, C., Chirouze, C., Hustache-Mathieu, L., Raoult, D....Hoen, B. (2012). Brill-Zinsser Disease in Moroccan Man, France, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 171-172. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111057.

Temperate Climate Niche for Cryptococcus gattii in Northern Europe [PDF - 278 KB - 3 pages]
A. Chowdhary et al.
EID Chowdhary A, Randhawa HS, Boekhout T, Hagen F, Klaassen CH, Meis JF. Temperate Climate Niche for Cryptococcus gattii in Northern Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):172-174. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111190
AMA Chowdhary A, Randhawa HS, Boekhout T, et al. Temperate Climate Niche for Cryptococcus gattii in Northern Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):172-174. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111190.
APA Chowdhary, A., Randhawa, H. S., Boekhout, T., Hagen, F., Klaassen, C. H., & Meis, J. F. (2012). Temperate Climate Niche for Cryptococcus gattii in Northern Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 172-174. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111190.

Pulmonary Infection Caused by Mycobacterium conceptionense [PDF - 189 KB]
S. Kim et al.
EID Kim S, Kim M, Chang H, Yim J, Lee J, Song S, et al. Pulmonary Infection Caused by Mycobacterium conceptionense. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):174-176. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110251
AMA Kim S, Kim M, Chang H, et al. Pulmonary Infection Caused by Mycobacterium conceptionense. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):174-176. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110251.
APA Kim, S., Kim, M., Chang, H., Yim, J., Lee, J., Song, S....Kim, E. (2012). Pulmonary Infection Caused by Mycobacterium conceptionense. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 174-176. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110251.

Mycobacterium riyadhense Pulmonary Infection, France and Bahrain [PDF - 197 KB]
S. Godreuil et al.
EID Godreuil S, Marchandin H, Michon A, Ponsada M, Chyderiotis G, Brisou P, et al. Mycobacterium riyadhense Pulmonary Infection, France and Bahrain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):176-178. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110751
AMA Godreuil S, Marchandin H, Michon A, et al. Mycobacterium riyadhense Pulmonary Infection, France and Bahrain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):176-178. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110751.
APA Godreuil, S., Marchandin, H., Michon, A., Ponsada, M., Chyderiotis, G., Brisou, P....Panteix, G. (2012). Mycobacterium riyadhense Pulmonary Infection, France and Bahrain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 176-178. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110751.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Southwestern Europe, 2010 [PDF - 231 KB - 2 pages]
A. Estrada-Peña et al.
EID Estrada-Peña A, Palomar AM, Santibáñez P, Sánchez N, Habela MA, Portillo A, et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Southwestern Europe, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):179-180. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111040
AMA Estrada-Peña A, Palomar AM, Santibáñez P, et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Southwestern Europe, 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):179-180. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111040.
APA Estrada-Peña, A., Palomar, A. M., Santibáñez, P., Sánchez, N., Habela, M. A., Portillo, A....Oteo, J. A. (2012). Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Southwestern Europe, 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 179-180. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111040.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks from Imported Livestock, Egypt [PDF - 225 KB - 2 pages]
K. Chisholm et al.
EID Chisholm K, Dueger E, Fahmy NT, Samaha H, Zayed A, Abdel-Dayem M, et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks from Imported Livestock, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):181-182. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111071
AMA Chisholm K, Dueger E, Fahmy NT, et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks from Imported Livestock, Egypt. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):181-182. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111071.
APA Chisholm, K., Dueger, E., Fahmy, N. T., Samaha, H., Zayed, A., Abdel-Dayem, M....Villinski, J. T. (2012). Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks from Imported Livestock, Egypt. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 181-182. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111071.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Acquired in Jura, France [PDF - 222 KB]
W. R. Faber et al.
EID Faber WR, Hoekzema R, Bart A, Zeegelaar JE, de Vries H. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Acquired in Jura, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):183-184. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110408
AMA Faber WR, Hoekzema R, Bart A, et al. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Acquired in Jura, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):183-184. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110408.
APA Faber, W. R., Hoekzema, R., Bart, A., Zeegelaar, J. E., & de Vries, H. (2012). Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Acquired in Jura, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 183-184. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110408.

Visceral Leishmaniasis during Italian Renaissance, 1522–1562 [PDF - 241 KB]
A. G. Nerlich et al.
EID Nerlich AG, Bianucci R, Trisciuoglio A, Schönian G, Ball M, Giuffra V, et al. Visceral Leishmaniasis during Italian Renaissance, 1522–1562. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):184-186. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.102001
AMA Nerlich AG, Bianucci R, Trisciuoglio A, et al. Visceral Leishmaniasis during Italian Renaissance, 1522–1562. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):184-186. doi:10.3201/eid1801.102001.
APA Nerlich, A. G., Bianucci, R., Trisciuoglio, A., Schönian, G., Ball, M., Giuffra, V....Fornaciari, G. (2012). Visceral Leishmaniasis during Italian Renaissance, 1522–1562. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 184-186. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.102001.

Plague Epidemic in the Kingdom of Naples, 1656–1658 [PDF - 213 KB - 3 pages]
S. Scasciamacchia et al.
EID Scasciamacchia S, Serrecchia L, Giangrossi L, Garofolo G, Balestrucci A, Sammartino G, et al. Plague Epidemic in the Kingdom of Naples, 1656–1658. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):186-188. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110597
AMA Scasciamacchia S, Serrecchia L, Giangrossi L, et al. Plague Epidemic in the Kingdom of Naples, 1656–1658. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):186-188. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110597.
APA Scasciamacchia, S., Serrecchia, L., Giangrossi, L., Garofolo, G., Balestrucci, A., Sammartino, G....Fasanella, A. (2012). Plague Epidemic in the Kingdom of Naples, 1656–1658. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 186-188. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110597.

Leprosy, Still Present in La Réunion [PDF - 180 KB - 2 pages]
P. Vilain et al.
EID Vilain P, Larrieu S, Camuset G, Pouderoux N, Gerber A, Borgherini G, et al. Leprosy, Still Present in La Réunion. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):188-189. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111176
AMA Vilain P, Larrieu S, Camuset G, et al. Leprosy, Still Present in La Réunion. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):188-189. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111176.
APA Vilain, P., Larrieu, S., Camuset, G., Pouderoux, N., Gerber, A., Borgherini, G....Filleul, L. (2012). Leprosy, Still Present in La Réunion. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 188-189. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111176.

Vaccinia Virus Zoonotic Infection, São Paulo State, Brazil [PDF - 205 KB]
J. Megid et al.
EID Megid J, Borges IA, Abrahão JS, Trindade GS, Appolinário CM, Ribeiro MG, et al. Vaccinia Virus Zoonotic Infection, São Paulo State, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):189-191. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110692
AMA Megid J, Borges IA, Abrahão JS, et al. Vaccinia Virus Zoonotic Infection, São Paulo State, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):189-191. doi:10.3201/eid1801.110692.
APA Megid, J., Borges, I. A., Abrahão, J. S., Trindade, G. S., Appolinário, C. M., Ribeiro, M. G....Kroon, E. G. (2012). Vaccinia Virus Zoonotic Infection, São Paulo State, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 189-191. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110692.

Mumps Vaccine Effectiveness Against Orchitis [PDF - 209 KB - 3 pages]
S. Hahné et al.
EID Hahné S, Whelan J, van Binnendijk R, Swaan C, Fanoy E, Boot H, et al. Mumps Vaccine Effectiveness Against Orchitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):191-193. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111178
AMA Hahné S, Whelan J, van Binnendijk R, et al. Mumps Vaccine Effectiveness Against Orchitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):191-193. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111178.
APA Hahné, S., Whelan, J., van Binnendijk, R., Swaan, C., Fanoy, E., Boot, H....de Melker, H. E. (2012). Mumps Vaccine Effectiveness Against Orchitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 191-193. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111178.

Genetic Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Sierra Leone [PDF - 342 KB]
M. Munir et al.
EID Munir M, Zohari S, Suluku R, LeBlanc N, Kanu S, Sankoh F, et al. Genetic Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):193-195. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111304
AMA Munir M, Zohari S, Suluku R, et al. Genetic Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Sierra Leone. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):193-195. doi:10.3201/eid1801.111304.
APA Munir, M., Zohari, S., Suluku, R., LeBlanc, N., Kanu, S., Sankoh, F....Ståhl, K. (2012). Genetic Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Sierra Leone. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 193-195. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111304.
Another Dimension

The Plague of Thebes, a Historical Epidemic in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex [PDF - 195 KB - 5 pages]
A. A. Kousoulis et al.

Sophocles, one of the most noted playwrights of the ancient world, wrote the tragedy Oedipus Rex in the first half of the decade 430–420 bc. A lethal plague is described in this drama. We adopted a critical approach to Oedipus Rex in analyzing the literary description of the disease, unraveling its clinical features, and defining a possible underlying cause. Our goals were to clarify whether the plague described in Oedipus Rex reflects an actual historical event; to compare it with the plague of Athens, which was described by Thucydides as occurring around the same time Sophocles wrote; and to propose a likely causative pathogen. A critical reading of Oedipus Rex and a comparison with Thucydides’ history, as well as a systematic review of historical data, strongly suggests that this epidemic was an actual event, possibly caused by Brucella abortus.

EID Kousoulis AA, Economopoulos KP, Poulakou-Rebelakou E, Androutsos G, Tsiodras S. The Plague of Thebes, a Historical Epidemic in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):153-157. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.ad1801
AMA Kousoulis AA, Economopoulos KP, Poulakou-Rebelakou E, et al. The Plague of Thebes, a Historical Epidemic in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):153-157. doi:10.3201/eid1801.ad1801.
APA Kousoulis, A. A., Economopoulos, K. P., Poulakou-Rebelakou, E., Androutsos, G., & Tsiodras, S. (2012). The Plague of Thebes, a Historical Epidemic in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 153-157. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.ad1801.
About the Cover

Tough Art and Microbial Drama [PDF - 328 KB - 2 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. Tough Art and Microbial Drama. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):196-197. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.ac1801
AMA Potter P. Tough Art and Microbial Drama. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):196-197. doi:10.3201/eid1801.ac1801.
APA Potter, P. (2012). Tough Art and Microbial Drama. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 196-197. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.ac1801.
Etymologia

Etymologia: Prion [PDF - 122 KB - 1 page]
N. Männikkö
EID Männikkö N. Etymologia: Prion. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):157. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.et1801
AMA Männikkö N. Etymologia: Prion. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(1):157. doi:10.3201/eid1801.et1801.
APA Männikkö, N. (2012). Etymologia: Prion. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.et1801.
Page created: January 19, 2012
Page updated: May 18, 2012
Page reviewed: May 18, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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