Volume 18, Number 11—November 2012
CME ACTIVITY - Research
Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Interactions in Children
Qingfu Xu, Anthony Almudervar, Janet R. Casey, and Michael E. Pichichero
Table 2
Predicted outcome of nasopharyngeal colonization among children when healthy and at onset of acute otitis media, Rochester, NY, USA, June 2006–May 2010*
| Characteristics |
Outcome, OR (95% CI)
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Spn
|
Hflu
|
Mcat
|
||||||
| Healthy | AOM | Healthy | AOM | Healthy | AOM | |||
| Hflu x Mcat | ||||||||
|
Neither§ |
1.0 | 1.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
|
Hflu |
1.33 (0.78–2.27) | 0.40† (0.22–0.71) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
|
Mcat |
1.42‡ (1.06–1.99) | 1.02 (0.58–1.79) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
|
Both |
3.40 (1.99–5.81)
|
0.79
(0.41–1.51)
|
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
NA
|
NA
|
| Spn x Mcat | ||||||||
|
Neither§ |
NA | NA | 1.0 | 1.0 | NA | NA | ||
|
Spn |
NA | NA | 1.43 (0.83–2.45) | 0.41† (0.23–0.73) | NA | NA | ||
|
Mcat |
NA | NA | 0.81 (0.48–1.38) | 0.37† (0.19–0.71) | NA | NA | ||
|
Both |
NA
|
NA
|
|
2.10 (1.30–3.40)
|
0.28 (0.15–0.52)
|
|
NA
|
NA
|
| Spn x Hflu | ||||||||
|
Neither§ |
NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
|
Spn |
NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.51† (1.12–2.03) | 1.02 (0.58–1.80) | ||
|
Hflu |
NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.83 (0.49–1.41) | 0.35† (0.18–0.68) | ||
|
Both |
NA
|
NA
|
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
2.17 (1.29–3.64)
|
0.68 (0.36–1.32)
|
| Saur | ||||||||
|
Absent§ |
1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
|
Present |
0.55‡ (0.34–0.88)
|
0.95 (0.43–2.08)
|
|
0.72 (0.33–1.54)
|
0.62 (0.19–2.00)
|
|
1.07 (0.69–1.66)
|
1.19 (0.52–2.70)
|
| Male | 0.0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.85 (0.54–1.35) | 0.83 (0.53–1.28) | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) | 1.07 (0.80–1.42) | 1.94† (1.21–3.11) | ||
| Daycare | 1.87† (1.34–2.59) | 1.29 (0.81–2.05) | 1.71‡ (1.1–2.67) | 2.06† (1.26–3.38) | 1.28 (0.94–1.73) | 0.91 (0.58–1.45) | ||
| Breast-fed | 1.29 (0.92–1.83) | 1.07 (0.65–1.77) | 0.75 (0.48–1.16) | 0.81 (0.48–1.38) | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) | 1.02 (0.63–1.63) | ||
| Smoke | 0.77 (0.48–1.22) | 0.65 (0.31–1.34) | 0.74 (0.38—1.43) | 0.61 (0.29–1.30) | 0.80 (0.53–1.20) | 0.98 (0.41–2.30) | ||
| Otitis prone | 2.34‡ (1.19–4.59) | 0.98 (0.63–1.53) | 3.10† (1.51–6.36) | 1.42 (0.89–2.27) | 1.16 (0.51–2.66) | 0.98 (0.63–1.52) | ||
*Boldface indicates significance. OR, odds ratio; Spn, Streptococcus pneumoniae; Hflu, Haemophilus influenzae; Mcat, Moraxella catarrhailis; AOM, acute otitis media; NA, not applicable; Saur, Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial interactions were analyzed by using repeated measures logistic regression models. †p≤0.01. ‡p≤0.05. §Reference.
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