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Issue Cover for Volume 18, Number 11—November 2012

Volume 18, Number 11—November 2012

[PDF - 8.55 MB - 219 pages]

Perspective

Investigation of Outbreaks Complicated by Universal Exposure [PDF - 238 KB - 6 pages]
A. Tostmann et al.

Outbreaks in which most or all persons were exposed to the same suspected source of infection, so-called universal exposure, are common. They represent a challenge for public health specialists because conducting analytical studies in such investigations is complicated by the absence of a nonexposed group. We describe different strategies that can support investigations of outbreaks with universal exposure. The value of descriptive epidemiology, extensive environmental investigation, and the hypothesis-generation phase cannot be overemphasized. An exposure that seems universal may in fact not be universal when additional aspects of the exposure are taken into account. Each exposure has unique characteristics that may not be captured when investigators rely on the tools readily at hand, such as standard questionnaires. We therefore encourage field epidemiologists to be creative and consider the use of alternative data sources or original techniques in their investigations of outbreaks with universal exposure.

EID Tostmann A, Bousema T, Oliver I. Investigation of Outbreaks Complicated by Universal Exposure. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1717-1722. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111804
AMA Tostmann A, Bousema T, Oliver I. Investigation of Outbreaks Complicated by Universal Exposure. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1717-1722. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111804.
APA Tostmann, A., Bousema, T., & Oliver, I. (2012). Investigation of Outbreaks Complicated by Universal Exposure. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1717-1722. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111804.
Research

Medscape CME Activity
Coccidioidomycosis-associated Deaths, United States, 1990–2008 [PDF - 234 KB - 6 pages]
J. Y. Huang et al.

Coccidioidomycosis is endemic to the Americas; however, data on deaths caused by this disease are limited. To determine the rate of coccidioidomycosis-associated deaths in the United States, we examined multiple cause–coded death records for 1990–2008 for demographics, secular trends, and geographic distribution. Deaths were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revision, codes, and mortality rates were calculated. Associations of deaths among persons with selected concurrent conditions were examined and compared with deaths among a control group who did not have coccidioidomycosis. During the 18-year period, 3,089 coccidioidomycosis-associated deaths occurred among US residents. The overall age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.59 per 1 million person-years; 55,264 potential life-years were lost. Those at highest risk for death were men, persons >65 years, Hispanics, Native Americans, and residents of California or Arizona. Common concurrent conditions were HIV and other immunosuppressive conditions. The number of deaths from coccidioidomycosis might be greater than currently appreciated.

EID Huang JY, Bristow B, Shafir S, Sorvillo F. Coccidioidomycosis-associated Deaths, United States, 1990–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1723-1728. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120752
AMA Huang JY, Bristow B, Shafir S, et al. Coccidioidomycosis-associated Deaths, United States, 1990–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1723-1728. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120752.
APA Huang, J. Y., Bristow, B., Shafir, S., & Sorvillo, F. (2012). Coccidioidomycosis-associated Deaths, United States, 1990–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1723-1728. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120752.

Medscape CME Activity
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, the Netherlands [PDF - 229 KB - 9 pages]
A. van Deursen et al.

In the Netherlands, the national immunization program includes 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) for all newborns born after April 1, 2006. We compared the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and patient and disease characteristics before PCV7 introduction (June 2004–June 2006) with those after PCV7 introduction (June 2008–June 2010). Culture-confirmed IPD cases were identified by 9 sentinel laboratories covering ≈25% of the Dutch population. Significant declines in overall IPD incidence were observed in children <2 (60%) and in persons >65 (13%) years of age. A trend toward gradual increases in non–PCV7 serotype IPD infections was observed in all age groups; the largest increases were among persons 50–64 (37%) and >65 (25%) years of age. In adults, the proportion of immunocompromised persons increased among IPD patients. Overall, deaths from IPD decreased from 16% to 12% because of a lower case-fatality rate for persons with non–PCV7 serotype IPD.

EID van Deursen A, van Mens SP, Sanders E, Vlaminckx B, de Melker HE, Schouls LM, et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1729-1737. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120329
AMA van Deursen A, van Mens SP, Sanders E, et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1729-1737. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120329.
APA van Deursen, A., van Mens, S. P., Sanders, E., Vlaminckx, B., de Melker, H. E., Schouls, L. M....van der Ende, A. (2012). Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1729-1737. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120329.

Medscape CME Activity
Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Interactions in Children [PDF - 193 KB - 8 pages]
Q. Xu et al.

Antimicrobial treatments and vaccines can alter bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx, thereby altering disease processes. To better understand these interactions, we examined colonization rates of 3 respiratory bacterial pathogens among 320 children when healthy and at onset of acute otitis media (AOM). Bacterial interactions were analyzed with a repeated measures logistic regression model. Among healthy children, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis were synergistically (positively) associated. Colonization with S. pneumoniae when healthy, but not at onset of AOM, was competitively (negatively) associated with Staphylococcus aureus. Among children with AOM, competitive associations were found between Haemophilus influenzae and S. pneumoniae and between H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis; rates of colonization with H. influenzae were higher. Bacterial interactions result in differing pathogen prevalence during periods of health and at onset of AOM. H. influenzae might become a more common cause of AOM among children who receive pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

EID Xu Q, Almudervar A, Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Interactions in Children. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1738-1745. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111904
AMA Xu Q, Almudervar A, Casey JR, et al. Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Interactions in Children. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1738-1745. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111904.
APA Xu, Q., Almudervar, A., Casey, J. R., & Pichichero, M. E. (2012). Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Interactions in Children. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1738-1745. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111904.

Lack of Evidence for Zoonotic Transmission of Schmallenberg Virus [PDF - 319 KB - 9 pages]
C. Reusken et al.

The emergence of Schmallenberg virus (SBV), a novel orthobunyavirus, in ruminants in Europe triggered a joint veterinary and public health response to address the possible consequences to human health. Use of a risk profiling algorithm enabled the conclusion that the risk for zoonotic transmission of SBV could not be excluded completely. Self-reported health problems were monitored, and a serologic study was initiated among persons living and/or working on SBV-affected farms. In the study set-up, we addressed the vector and direct transmission routes for putative zoonotic transfer. In total, 69 sheep farms, 4 goat farms, and 50 cattle farms were included. No evidence for SBV-neutralizing antibodies was found in serum of 301 participants. The lack of evidence for zoonotic transmission from either syndromic illness monitoring or serologic testing of presumably highly exposed persons suggests that the public health risk for SBV, given the current situation, is absent or extremely low.

EID Reusken C, van den Wijngaard C, van Beek P, Beer M, Bouwstra R, Godeke G, et al. Lack of Evidence for Zoonotic Transmission of Schmallenberg Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1746-1754. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120650
AMA Reusken C, van den Wijngaard C, van Beek P, et al. Lack of Evidence for Zoonotic Transmission of Schmallenberg Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1746-1754. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120650.
APA Reusken, C., van den Wijngaard, C., van Beek, P., Beer, M., Bouwstra, R., Godeke, G....Koopmans, M. (2012). Lack of Evidence for Zoonotic Transmission of Schmallenberg Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1746-1754. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120650.

Unchanged Severity of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Infection in Children during First Postpandemic Season [PDF - 215 KB - 8 pages]
M. Altmann et al.

We conducted a nationwide hospital-based prospective study in Germany of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 cases among children <15 years of age admitted to pediatric intensive care units and related deaths during the 2009–10 pandemic and the 2010–11 postpandemic influenza seasons. We identified 156 eligible patients: 112 in 2009–10 and 44 in 2010–11. Although a shift to younger patients occurred in 2010–11 (median age 3.2 vs. 5.3 years), infants <1 year of age remained the most affected. Underlying immunosuppression was a risk factor for hospital-acquired infections (p = 0.013), which accounted for 14% of cases. Myocarditis was predictive of death (p = 0.006). Of the 156 case-patients, 17% died; the difference between seasons was not significant (p = 0.473). Our findings stress the challenge of preventing severe postpandemic influenza infection in children and the need to prevent nosocomial transmission of influenza virus, especially in immunosuppressed children.

EID Altmann M, Fiebig L, Buda S, von Kries R, Dehnert M, Haas W. Unchanged Severity of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Infection in Children during First Postpandemic Season. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1755-1762. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120719
AMA Altmann M, Fiebig L, Buda S, et al. Unchanged Severity of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Infection in Children during First Postpandemic Season. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1755-1762. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120719.
APA Altmann, M., Fiebig, L., Buda, S., von Kries, R., Dehnert, M., & Haas, W. (2012). Unchanged Severity of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Infection in Children during First Postpandemic Season. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1755-1762. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120719.

Mycoplasmosis in Ferrets [PDF - 504 KB - 8 pages]
M. Kiupel et al.

We report an outbreak of severe respiratory disease associated with a novel Mycoplasma species in ferrets. During 2009–2012, a respiratory disease characterized by nonproductive coughing affected ≈8,000 ferrets, 6–8 weeks of age, which had been imported from a breeding facility in Canada. Almost 95% became ill, but almost none died. Treatments temporarily decreased all clinical signs except cough. Postmortem examinations of euthanized ferrets revealed bronchointerstitial pneumonia with prominent hyperplasia of bronchiole-associated lymphoid tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis with polyclonal antibody against Mycoplasma bovis demonstrated intense staining along the bronchiolar brush border. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 12 affected ferrets yielded fast-growing, glucose-fermenting mycoplasmas. Nucleic acid sequence analysis of PCR-derived amplicons from portions of the 16S rDNA and RNA polymerase B genes failed to identify the mycoplasmas but showed that they were most similar to M. molare and M. lagogenitalium. These findings indicate a causal association between the novel Mycoplasma species and the newly recognized pulmonary disease.

EID Kiupel M, Desjardins DR, Lim A, Bolin C, Johnson-Delaney CA, Resau JH, et al. Mycoplasmosis in Ferrets. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1763-1770. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120072
AMA Kiupel M, Desjardins DR, Lim A, et al. Mycoplasmosis in Ferrets. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1763-1770. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120072.
APA Kiupel, M., Desjardins, D. R., Lim, A., Bolin, C., Johnson-Delaney, C. A., Resau, J. H....Bolin, S. R. (2012). Mycoplasmosis in Ferrets. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1763-1770. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120072.

Lack of Cross-protection against Bordetella holmesii after Pertussis Vaccination [PDF - 486 KB - 9 pages]
X. Zhang et al.

Bordetella holmesii, a species closely related to B. pertussis, has been reported sporadically as a cause of whooping cough–like symptoms. To investigate whether B. pertussis–induced immunity is protective against infection with B. holmesii, we conducted an analysis using 11 human respiratory B. holmesii isolates collected during 2005–2009 from a highly B. pertussis–vaccinated population in Massachusetts. Neither whole-cell (wP) nor acellular (aP) B. pertussis vaccination conferred protection against these B. holmesii isolates in mice. Although T-cell responses induced by wP or aP cross-reacted with B. holmesii, vaccine-induced antibodies failed to efficiently bind B. holmesii. B. holmesii–specific antibodies provided in addition to wP were sufficient to rapidly reduce B. holmesii numbers in mouse lungs. Our findings suggest the established presence of B. holmesii in Massachusetts and that failure to induce cross-reactive antibodies may explain poor vaccine-induced cross-protection.

EID Zhang X, Weyrich LS, Lavine JS, Karanikas AT, Harvill ET. Lack of Cross-protection against Bordetella holmesii after Pertussis Vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1771-1779. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111544
AMA Zhang X, Weyrich LS, Lavine JS, et al. Lack of Cross-protection against Bordetella holmesii after Pertussis Vaccination. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1771-1779. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111544.
APA Zhang, X., Weyrich, L. S., Lavine, J. S., Karanikas, A. T., & Harvill, E. T. (2012). Lack of Cross-protection against Bordetella holmesii after Pertussis Vaccination. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1771-1779. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111544.

Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Chikungunya, Dengue, and Rift Valley Fever Viruses after Febrile Illness Outbreak, Madagascar [PDF - 658 KB - 7 pages]
N. G. Schwarz et al.

In October 2009, two–3 months after an outbreak of a febrile disease with joint pain on the eastern coast of Madagascar, we assessed serologic markers for chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in 1,244 pregnant women at 6 locations. In 2 eastern coast towns, IgG seroprevalence against CHIKV was 45% and 23%; IgM seroprevalence was 28% and 5%. IgG seroprevalence against DENV was 17% and 11%. No anti-DENV IgM was detected. At 4 locations, 450–1,300 m high, IgG seroprevalence against CHIKV was 0%–3%, suggesting CHIKV had not spread to higher inland-altitudes. Four women had IgG against RVFV, probably antibodies from a 2008 epidemic. Most (78%) women from coastal locations with CHIKV-specific IgG reported joint pain and stiffness; 21% reported no symptoms. CHIKV infection was significantly associated with high bodyweight. The outbreak was an isolated CHIKV epidemic without relevant DENV co-transmission.

EID Schwarz NG, Girmann M, Randriamampionona N, Bialonski A, Maus D, Krefis A, et al. Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Chikungunya, Dengue, and Rift Valley Fever Viruses after Febrile Illness Outbreak, Madagascar. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1780-1786. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111036
AMA Schwarz NG, Girmann M, Randriamampionona N, et al. Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Chikungunya, Dengue, and Rift Valley Fever Viruses after Febrile Illness Outbreak, Madagascar. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1780-1786. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111036.
APA Schwarz, N. G., Girmann, M., Randriamampionona, N., Bialonski, A., Maus, D., Krefis, A....Rakotozandrindrainy, R. (2012). Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Chikungunya, Dengue, and Rift Valley Fever Viruses after Febrile Illness Outbreak, Madagascar. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1780-1786. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111036.

Epidemic Myalgia in Adults Associated with Human Parechovirus Type 3 Infection, Yamagata, Japan, 2008 [PDF - 236 KB - 7 pages]
K. Mizuta et al.

Human parechovirus has rarely been shown to cause clinical disease in adults. During June–August 2008, a total of 22 adults sought treatment at Yonezawa City Hospital in Yamagata, Japan, for muscle pain and weakness of all limbs; most also had fever and sore throat. All patients received a clinical diagnosis of epidemic myalgia; clinical laboratory findings suggested an acute inflammatory process. Laboratory confirmation of infection with human parechovirus type 3 (HPeV3) was made for 14 patients; we isolated HPeV3 from 7 patients, detected HPeV3 genome in 11, and observed serologic confirmation of infection in 11. Although HPeV3 is typically associated with disease in young children, our results suggest that this outbreak of myalgia among adults was associated with HPeV3 infection. Clinical consideration should be given to HPeV3 not only in young children but also in adults when an outbreak occurs in the community.

EID Mizuta K, Kuroda M, Kurimura M, Yahata Y, Sekizuka T, Aoki Y, et al. Epidemic Myalgia in Adults Associated with Human Parechovirus Type 3 Infection, Yamagata, Japan, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1787-1793. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111570
AMA Mizuta K, Kuroda M, Kurimura M, et al. Epidemic Myalgia in Adults Associated with Human Parechovirus Type 3 Infection, Yamagata, Japan, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1787-1793. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111570.
APA Mizuta, K., Kuroda, M., Kurimura, M., Yahata, Y., Sekizuka, T., Aoki, Y....Ahiko, T. (2012). Epidemic Myalgia in Adults Associated with Human Parechovirus Type 3 Infection, Yamagata, Japan, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1787-1793. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111570.

Infectious Disease Mortality Rates, Thailand, 1958–2009 [PDF - 407 KB - 8 pages]
S. Aungkulanon et al.

To better define infectious diseases of concern in Thailand, trends in the mortality rate during 1958–2009 were analyzed by using data from public health statistics reports. From 1958 to the mid-1990s, the rate of infectious disease–associated deaths declined 5-fold (from 163.4 deaths/100,000 population in 1958 to 29.5/100,000 in 1997). This average annual reduction of 3.2 deaths/100,000 population was largely attributed to declines in deaths related to malaria, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and gastrointestinal infections. However, during 1998–2003, the mortality rate increased (peak of 70.0 deaths/100,000 population in 2003), coinciding with increases in mortality rate from AIDS, tuberculosis, and pneumonia. During 2004–2009, the rate declined to 41.0 deaths/100,000 population, coinciding with a decrease in AIDS-related deaths. The emergence of AIDS and the increase in tuberculosis- and pneumonia-related deaths in the late twentieth century emphasize the need to direct resources and efforts to the control of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

EID Aungkulanon S, McCarron M, Lertiendumrong J, Olsen SJ, Bundhamcharoen K. Infectious Disease Mortality Rates, Thailand, 1958–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1794-1801. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120637
AMA Aungkulanon S, McCarron M, Lertiendumrong J, et al. Infectious Disease Mortality Rates, Thailand, 1958–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1794-1801. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120637.
APA Aungkulanon, S., McCarron, M., Lertiendumrong, J., Olsen, S. J., & Bundhamcharoen, K. (2012). Infectious Disease Mortality Rates, Thailand, 1958–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1794-1801. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120637.

HIV Infection and Geographically Bound Transmission of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Argentina [PDF - 321 KB - 9 pages]
V. Ritacco et al.

During 2003–2009, the National Tuberculosis (TB) Laboratory Network in Argentina gave 830 patients a new diagnosis of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB and 53 a diagnosis of extensively drug- resistant (XDR) TB. HIV co-infection was involved in nearly one third of these cases. Strain genotyping showed that 7 major clusters gathered 56% of patients within restricted geographic areas. The 3 largest clusters corresponded to epidemic MDR TB strains that have been undergoing transmission for >10 years. The indigenous M strain accounted for 29% and 40% of MDR and XDR TB cases, respectively. Drug-resistant TB trends in Argentina are driven by spread of a few strains in hotspots where the rate of HIV infection is high. To curb transmission, the national TB program is focusing stringent interventions in these areas by strengthening infection control in large hospitals and prisons, expediting drug resistance detection, and streamlining information-sharing systems between HIV and TB programs.

EID Ritacco V, López B, Ambroggi M, Palmero D, Salvadores B, Gravina E, et al. HIV Infection and Geographically Bound Transmission of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1802-1810. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120126
AMA Ritacco V, López B, Ambroggi M, et al. HIV Infection and Geographically Bound Transmission of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1802-1810. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120126.
APA Ritacco, V., López, B., Ambroggi, M., Palmero, D., Salvadores, B., Gravina, E....Barrera, L. (2012). HIV Infection and Geographically Bound Transmission of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1802-1810. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120126.

Risk for Travel-associated Legionnaires’ Disease, Europe, 2009 [PDF - 178 KB - 6 pages]
J. Beauté et al.

Legionnaires’ disease is underreported in Europe; notification rates differ substantially among countries. Approximately 20% of reported cases are travel-associated. To assess the risk for travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease (TALD) associated with travel patterns in European countries, we retrieved TALD surveillance data for 2009 from the European Surveillance System, and tourism denominator data from the Statistical Office of the European Union. Risk (number cases reported/number nights spent) was calculated by travel country. In 2009, the network reported 607 cases among European travelers, possibly associated with 825 accommodation sites in European Union countries. The overall risk associated with travel abroad was 0.3 cases/million nights. We observed an increasing trend in risk from northwestern to southeastern Europe; Greece had the highest risk (1.7). Our findings underscore the need for countries with high TALD risks to improve prevention and control of legionellosis; and for countries with high TALD risks, but low notification rates of Legionnaires’ disease to improve diagnostics and reporting.

EID Beauté J, Zucs P, de Jong B. Risk for Travel-associated Legionnaires’ Disease, Europe, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1811-1816. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120496
AMA Beauté J, Zucs P, de Jong B. Risk for Travel-associated Legionnaires’ Disease, Europe, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1811-1816. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120496.
APA Beauté, J., Zucs, P., & de Jong, B. (2012). Risk for Travel-associated Legionnaires’ Disease, Europe, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1811-1816. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120496.

Litchi–associated Acute Encephalitis in Children, Northern Vietnam, 2004–2009 [PDF - 300 KB - 8 pages]
J. Paireau et al.

Since the end of the 1990s, unexplained outbreaks of acute encephalitis in children coinciding with litchi harvesting (May–July) have been documented in the Bac Giang Province in northern Vietnam. A retrospective ecologic analysis of data for 2004–2009 involving environmental, agronomic, and climatic factors was conducted to investigate the suspected association between the outbreaks and litchi harvesting. The clinical, biological, and immunologic characteristics of the patients suggested a viral etiology. The ecologic study revealed an independent association between litchi plantation surface proportion and acute encephalitis incidence: Incidence rate ratios were 1.52 (95% CI 0.90–2.57), 2.94 (95% CI 1.88–4.60), and 2.76 (95% CI 1.76–4.32) for second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively, compared with the lowest quartile. This ecologic study confirmed the suspected association between incidence of acute encephalitis and litchi plantations and should be followed by other studies to identify the causative agent for this syndrome.

EID Paireau J, Tuan N, Lefrançois R, Buckwalter MR, Nghia N, Hien N, et al. Litchi–associated Acute Encephalitis in Children, Northern Vietnam, 2004–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1817-1824. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111761
AMA Paireau J, Tuan N, Lefrançois R, et al. Litchi–associated Acute Encephalitis in Children, Northern Vietnam, 2004–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1817-1824. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111761.
APA Paireau, J., Tuan, N., Lefrançois, R., Buckwalter, M. R., Nghia, N., Hien, N....Fontanet, A. (2012). Litchi–associated Acute Encephalitis in Children, Northern Vietnam, 2004–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1817-1824. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111761.

Community Outbreak of Adenovirus, Taiwan, 2011 [PDF - 319 KB - 8 pages]
T. Tsou et al.

In 2011, a large community outbreak of human adenovirus (HAdV) in Taiwan was detected by a nationwide surveillance system. The epidemic lasted from week 11 through week 41 of 2011 (March 14–October 16, 2011). Although HAdV-3 was the predominant strain detected (74%), an abrupt increase in the percentage of infections caused by HAdV-7 occurred, from 0.3% in 2008–2010 to 10% in 2011. Clinical information was collected for 202 inpatients infected with HAdV; 31 (15.2%) had severe infection that required intensive care, and 7 of those patients died. HAdV-7 accounted for 10%, 12%, and 41% of infections among outpatients, inpatients with nonsevere infection, and inpatients with severe infection, respectively (p<0.01). The HAdV-7 strain detected in this outbreak is identical to a strain recently reported in the People’s Republic of China (HAdV7-HZ/SHX/CHN/2009). Absence of circulating HAdV-7 in previous years and introduction of an emerging strain are 2 factors that caused this outbreak.

EID Tsou T, Tan B, Chang H, Chen W, Huang Y, Lai C, et al. Community Outbreak of Adenovirus, Taiwan, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1825-1832. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120629
AMA Tsou T, Tan B, Chang H, et al. Community Outbreak of Adenovirus, Taiwan, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1825-1832. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120629.
APA Tsou, T., Tan, B., Chang, H., Chen, W., Huang, Y., Lai, C....Huang, L. (2012). Community Outbreak of Adenovirus, Taiwan, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1825-1832. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120629.

Antigenic Diversity of Enteroviruses Associated with Nonpolio Acute Flaccid Paralysis, India, 2007–2009 [PDF - 503 KB - 8 pages]
C. Rao et al.

Because of the broadened acute flacid paralysis (AFP) definition and enhanced surveillance, many nonpolio AFP (NP-AFP) cases have been reported in India since 2005. To determine the spectrum of nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) serotypes associated with NP-AFP from polio-endemic and -free regions, we studied antigenic diversity of AFP-associated NPEVs. Of fecal specimens from 2,786 children with NP-AFP in 1 polio-endemic and 2 polio-free states, 823 (29.5%) were positive for NPEVs in RD cells, of which 532 (64.6%) were positive by viral protein 1 reverse transcription PCR. We identified 66 serotypes among 581 isolates, with enterovirus 71 most frequently (8.43%) detected, followed by enterovirus 13 (7.1%) and coxsackievirus B5 (5.0%). Most strains within a serotype represented new genogropups or subgenogroups. Agents for ≈35.0% and 70.0% of culture-positive and -negative cases, respectively, need to be identified. Association of human enterovirus with NP-AFP requires better assessment and understanding of health risks of NPEV infections after polio elimination.

EID Rao C, Yergolkar P, Shankarappa K. Antigenic Diversity of Enteroviruses Associated with Nonpolio Acute Flaccid Paralysis, India, 2007–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1833-1840. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111457
AMA Rao C, Yergolkar P, Shankarappa K. Antigenic Diversity of Enteroviruses Associated with Nonpolio Acute Flaccid Paralysis, India, 2007–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1833-1840. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111457.
APA Rao, C., Yergolkar, P., & Shankarappa, K. (2012). Antigenic Diversity of Enteroviruses Associated with Nonpolio Acute Flaccid Paralysis, India, 2007–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1833-1840. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111457.

Livestock Density as Risk Factor for Livestock-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the Netherlands [PDF - 964 KB - 9 pages]
B. J. Feingold et al.

To determine whether persons living in areas of high animal density are at increased risk for carrying livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA), we used an existing dataset of persons in the Netherlands with LA-MRSA carriage and controls who carried other types of MRSA. Results of running univariate and multivariate logistic regression models indicated that living in livestock-dense areas increases the odds of nasal carriage of LA-MRSA. We found that doubling pig, cattle, and veal calf densities per municipality increased the odds of LA-MRSA carriage over carriage of other types of MRSA by 24.7% (95% CI 0.9%–54.2%), 76.9% (95% CI 11.3%–81.3%), and 24.1% (95% CI 5.5%–45.9%), respectively, after adjusting for direct animal contact, living in a rural area, and the probable source of MRSA carriage. Controlling the spread of LA-MRSA thus requires giving attention to community members in animal-dense regions who are unaffiliated with livestock farming.

EID Feingold BJ, Silbergeld EK, Curriero FC, van Cleef B, Heck M, Kluytmans J. Livestock Density as Risk Factor for Livestock-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1841-1849. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111850
AMA Feingold BJ, Silbergeld EK, Curriero FC, et al. Livestock Density as Risk Factor for Livestock-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1841-1849. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111850.
APA Feingold, B. J., Silbergeld, E. K., Curriero, F. C., van Cleef, B., Heck, M., & Kluytmans, J. (2012). Livestock Density as Risk Factor for Livestock-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1841-1849. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111850.

Sources of Dengue Viruses Imported into Queensland, Australia, 2002–2010 [PDF - 470 KB - 8 pages]
D. Warrilow et al.

To assess risk for importation of dengue virus (DENV) into Queensland, Australia, and sources of imported viruses, we sequenced the envelope region of DENV isolates from symptomatic patients with a history of travel during 2002–2010. The number of imported dengue cases greatly increased over the surveillance period, some of which were associated with domestic outbreaks. Patients reported traveling to (in order) Asia, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Island countries, and non–Asia-Pacific countries. By using phylogenetic methods, we assigned DENV isolates from returning residents and overseas visitors with viremia to a specific genotypic group. Genotypes circulating in Asia were extremely diverse. Genotyping and molecular clock analysis supported Asian origination of a strain that caused an outbreak of DENV-4 in Pacific Island countries during 2007–2009, and subsequently, in Innisfail, Australia, in 2009. Our findings indicate that Asia is a major source of DENVs that are imported into Australia, causing a risk for epidemics.

EID Warrilow D, Northill JA, Pyke AT. Sources of Dengue Viruses Imported into Queensland, Australia, 2002–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1850-1857. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120014
AMA Warrilow D, Northill JA, Pyke AT. Sources of Dengue Viruses Imported into Queensland, Australia, 2002–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1850-1857. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120014.
APA Warrilow, D., Northill, J. A., & Pyke, A. T. (2012). Sources of Dengue Viruses Imported into Queensland, Australia, 2002–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1850-1857. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120014.

Phylogeography of Dengue Virus Serotype 4, Brazil, 2010–2011 [PDF - 367 KB - 7 pages]
M. Nunes et al.

Dengue virus serotype 4 (DENV-4) reemerged in Roraima State, Brazil, 28 years after it was last detected in the country in 1982. To study the origin and evolution of this reemergence, full-length sequences were obtained for 16 DENV-4 isolates from northern (Roraima, Amazonas, Pará States) and northeastern (Bahia State) Brazil during the 2010 and 2011 dengue virus seasons and for an isolate from the 1982 epidemic in Roraima. Spatiotemporal dynamics of DENV-4 introductions in Brazil were applied to envelope genes and full genomes by using Bayesian phylogeographic analyses. An introduction of genotype I into Brazil from Southeast Asia was confirmed, and full genome phylogeographic analyses revealed multiple introductions of DENV-4 genotype II in Brazil, providing evidence for >3 introductions of this genotype within the last decade: 2 from Venezuela to Roraima and 1 from Colombia to Amazonas. The phylogeographic analysis of full genome data has demonstrated the origins of DENV-4 throughout Brazil.

EID Nunes M, Faria N, Vasconcelos H, Medeiros D, Silva de Lima C, Carvalho V, et al. Phylogeography of Dengue Virus Serotype 4, Brazil, 2010–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1858-1864. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120217
AMA Nunes M, Faria N, Vasconcelos H, et al. Phylogeography of Dengue Virus Serotype 4, Brazil, 2010–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1858-1864. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120217.
APA Nunes, M., Faria, N., Vasconcelos, H., Medeiros, D., Silva de Lima, C., Carvalho, V....Vasconcelos, P. (2012). Phylogeography of Dengue Virus Serotype 4, Brazil, 2010–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1858-1864. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120217.
Dispatches

Coxsackievirus B3, Shandong Province, China, 1990–2010 [PDF - 190 KB - 3 pages]
Z. Tao et al.

To determine the cause of a 2008 outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Shandong Province, China, we analyzed samples from outbreak patients and coxsackievirus B3 samples collected during 1990–2010 surveillance. The cause of the outbreak was coxsackievirus B3, genogroup D. Frequent travel might increase importation of other coxsackievirus B3 genogroups.

EID Tao Z, Song Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Jiang P, Lin X, et al. Coxsackievirus B3, Shandong Province, China, 1990–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1865-1867. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120090
AMA Tao Z, Song Y, Li Y, et al. Coxsackievirus B3, Shandong Province, China, 1990–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1865-1867. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120090.
APA Tao, Z., Song, Y., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Jiang, P., Lin, X....Xu, A. (2012). Coxsackievirus B3, Shandong Province, China, 1990–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1865-1867. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120090.

Vibrio fluvialis in Patients with Diarrhea, Kolkata, India [PDF - 292 KB - 4 pages]
G. Chowdhury et al.

We identified 131 strains of Vibrio fluvialis among 400 nonagglutinating Vibrio spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea in Kolkata, India. For 43 patients, V. fluvialis was the sole pathogen identified. Most strains harbored genes encoding hemolysin and metalloprotease; this finding may contribute to understanding of the pathogenicity of V. fluvialis.

EID Chowdhury G, Pazhani GP, Dutta D, Guin S, Dutta S, Ghosh S, et al. Vibrio fluvialis in Patients with Diarrhea, Kolkata, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1868-1871. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120520
AMA Chowdhury G, Pazhani GP, Dutta D, et al. Vibrio fluvialis in Patients with Diarrhea, Kolkata, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1868-1871. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120520.
APA Chowdhury, G., Pazhani, G. P., Dutta, D., Guin, S., Dutta, S., Ghosh, S....Ramamurthy, T. (2012). Vibrio fluvialis in Patients with Diarrhea, Kolkata, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1868-1871. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120520.

Legionella pneumophila Serotype 1 Pneumonia in Patient Receiving Adalimumab [PDF - 208 KB - 3 pages]
T. C. Wuerz et al.

We describe a case of severe pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serotype 1 in a woman receiving the tumor necrosis factor–α antagonist to treat rheumatoid arthritis. As use of tumor necrosis factor–α inhibitors increase, clinicians should consider their possible association with legionellosis.

EID Wuerz TC, Mooney O, Keynan Y. Legionella pneumophila Serotype 1 Pneumonia in Patient Receiving Adalimumab. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1872-1874. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111505
AMA Wuerz TC, Mooney O, Keynan Y. Legionella pneumophila Serotype 1 Pneumonia in Patient Receiving Adalimumab. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1872-1874. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111505.
APA Wuerz, T. C., Mooney, O., & Keynan, Y. (2012). Legionella pneumophila Serotype 1 Pneumonia in Patient Receiving Adalimumab. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1872-1874. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111505.

Susceptibility of Children to Sapovirus Infections, Nicaragua, 2005–2006 [PDF - 243 KB - 4 pages]
F. Bucardo et al.

We describe the genetic diversity of sapovirus (SaV) in children in Nicaragua and investigate the role of host genetic factors and susceptibility to SaV infections. Our results indicate that neither ABO blood group, Lewis phenotype, nor secretor status affects susceptibility to SaV infection in Nicaragua.

EID Bucardo F, Carlsson B, Nordgren J, Larson G, Blandon P, Vilchez S, et al. Susceptibility of Children to Sapovirus Infections, Nicaragua, 2005–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1875-1878. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111581
AMA Bucardo F, Carlsson B, Nordgren J, et al. Susceptibility of Children to Sapovirus Infections, Nicaragua, 2005–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1875-1878. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111581.
APA Bucardo, F., Carlsson, B., Nordgren, J., Larson, G., Blandon, P., Vilchez, S....Svensson, L. (2012). Susceptibility of Children to Sapovirus Infections, Nicaragua, 2005–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1875-1878. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111581.

Effect of Latitude on Seasonality of Tuberculosis, Australia, 2002–2011 [PDF - 250 KB - 3 pages]
J. H. MacLachlan et al.

Seasonal variation in tuberculosis diagnoses recently has been reported in various populations. In Australia, seasonality of tuberculosis diagnoses was more pronounced in areas where UV exposure is reduced and vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent. Our findings suggest vitamin D deficiency as a factor in disease activation.

EID MacLachlan JH, Lavender CJ, Cowie BC. Effect of Latitude on Seasonality of Tuberculosis, Australia, 2002–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1879-1881. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120456
AMA MacLachlan JH, Lavender CJ, Cowie BC. Effect of Latitude on Seasonality of Tuberculosis, Australia, 2002–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1879-1881. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120456.
APA MacLachlan, J. H., Lavender, C. J., & Cowie, B. C. (2012). Effect of Latitude on Seasonality of Tuberculosis, Australia, 2002–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1879-1881. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120456.

Pandemic Influenza Virus Surveillance, Izu-Oshima Island, Japan [PDF - 235 KB - 4 pages]
T. Inamasu et al.

A population-based influenza surveillance study (using PCR virus subtyping) on Izu-Oshima Island, Japan, found that the cumulative incidence of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections 2 seasons after the pandemic was highest for those 10–14 years of age (43.1%). No postpandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 case-patients had been infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus during the pandemic season.

EID Inamasu T, Sudo K, Kato S, Deguchi H, Ichikawa M, Shimizu T, et al. Pandemic Influenza Virus Surveillance, Izu-Oshima Island, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1882-1885. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111681
AMA Inamasu T, Sudo K, Kato S, et al. Pandemic Influenza Virus Surveillance, Izu-Oshima Island, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1882-1885. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111681.
APA Inamasu, T., Sudo, K., Kato, S., Deguchi, H., Ichikawa, M., Shimizu, T....Saito, T. (2012). Pandemic Influenza Virus Surveillance, Izu-Oshima Island, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1882-1885. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111681.

Fatal Respiratory Infections Associated with Rhinovirus Outbreak, Vietnam [PDF - 174 KB - 3 pages]
L. Hai et al.

During an outbreak of severe acute respiratory infections in 2 orphanages, Vietnam, 7/12 hospitalized children died. All hospitalized children and 26/43 children from outbreak orphanages tested positive for rhinovirus versus 9/40 control children (p = 0.0005). Outbreak rhinoviruses formed a distinct genetic cluster. Human rhinovirus is an underappreciated cause of severe pneumonia in vulnerable groups.

EID Hai L, Bich V, Ngai L, Diep N, Phuc P, Hung V, et al. Fatal Respiratory Infections Associated with Rhinovirus Outbreak, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1886-1888. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120607
AMA Hai L, Bich V, Ngai L, et al. Fatal Respiratory Infections Associated with Rhinovirus Outbreak, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1886-1888. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120607.
APA Hai, L., Bich, V., Ngai, L., Diep, N., Phuc, P., Hung, V....Wertheim, H. (2012). Fatal Respiratory Infections Associated with Rhinovirus Outbreak, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1886-1888. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120607.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 15A in Psychiatric Unit, Rhode Island, USA, 2010–2011 [PDF - 231 KB - 5 pages]
K. Fleming-Dutra et al.

During a pneumococcal disease outbreak in a pediatric psychiatric unit in a hospital in Rhode Island, USA, 6 (30%) of 20 patients and staff were colonized with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 15A, which is not included in pneumococcal vaccines. The outbreak subsided after implementation of antimicrobial drug prophylaxis and enhanced infection control measures.

EID Fleming-Dutra K, Mbaeyi C, Link-Gelles R, Alexander N, Guh A, Forbes E, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 15A in Psychiatric Unit, Rhode Island, USA, 2010–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1889-1893. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120454
AMA Fleming-Dutra K, Mbaeyi C, Link-Gelles R, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 15A in Psychiatric Unit, Rhode Island, USA, 2010–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1889-1893. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120454.
APA Fleming-Dutra, K., Mbaeyi, C., Link-Gelles, R., Alexander, N., Guh, A., Forbes, E....Moore, M. R. (2012). Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 15A in Psychiatric Unit, Rhode Island, USA, 2010–2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1889-1893. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120454.

Seroprevalence of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Antibody, England, 2010 and 2011 [PDF - 185 KB - 4 pages]
K. Hoschler et al.

The intense influenza activity in England during the 2010–11 winter resulted from a combination of factors. Population-based seroepidemiology confirms that the third wave of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulation was associated with a shift in age groups affected, with the highest rate of infection in young adults.

EID Hoschler K, Thompson C, Andrews N, Galiano M, Pebody R, Ellis J, et al. Seroprevalence of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Antibody, England, 2010 and 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1894-1897. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120720
AMA Hoschler K, Thompson C, Andrews N, et al. Seroprevalence of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Antibody, England, 2010 and 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1894-1897. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120720.
APA Hoschler, K., Thompson, C., Andrews, N., Galiano, M., Pebody, R., Ellis, J....Zambon, M. (2012). Seroprevalence of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Antibody, England, 2010 and 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1894-1897. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120720.
Commentaries

Call to Action on World Pneumonia Day [PDF - 155 KB - 2 pages]
R. Hajjeh and C. G. Whitney
EID Hajjeh R, Whitney CG. Call to Action on World Pneumonia Day. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1898-1899. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.121217
AMA Hajjeh R, Whitney CG. Call to Action on World Pneumonia Day. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1898-1899. doi:10.3201/eid1811.121217.
APA Hajjeh, R., & Whitney, C. G. (2012). Call to Action on World Pneumonia Day. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1898-1899. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.121217.
Letters

Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Central China, 2007–2009 [PDF - 84 KB - 2 pages]
D. Shi et al.
EID Shi D, Li H, Zhao Y, Jia Q, Coulter C, Li L, et al. Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Central China, 2007–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1904-1905. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120046
AMA Shi D, Li H, Zhao Y, et al. Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Central China, 2007–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1904-1905. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120046.
APA Shi, D., Li, H., Zhao, Y., Jia, Q., Coulter, C., Li, L....Zhu, G. (2012). Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Central China, 2007–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1904-1905. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120046.

Seroprevalence of Pandemic Influenza Viruses, New York, New York, USA, 2004 [PDF - 107 KB - 3 pages]
I. B. Weisfuse et al.
EID Weisfuse IB, Tsibane T, Konty KJ, Egger JR, Waddell E, Rahmat S, et al. Seroprevalence of Pandemic Influenza Viruses, New York, New York, USA, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1905-1907. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120156
AMA Weisfuse IB, Tsibane T, Konty KJ, et al. Seroprevalence of Pandemic Influenza Viruses, New York, New York, USA, 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1905-1907. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120156.
APA Weisfuse, I. B., Tsibane, T., Konty, K. J., Egger, J. R., Waddell, E., Rahmat, S....Basler, C. F. (2012). Seroprevalence of Pandemic Influenza Viruses, New York, New York, USA, 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1905-1907. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120156.

Pulmonary Streptomyces Infection in Patient with Sarcoidosis, France, 2012 [PDF - 107 KB - 3 pages]
E. Riviere et al.
EID Riviere E, Neau D, Roux X, Lippa N, Roger-Schmeltz J, Mercie P, et al. Pulmonary Streptomyces Infection in Patient with Sarcoidosis, France, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1907-1909. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120797
AMA Riviere E, Neau D, Roux X, et al. Pulmonary Streptomyces Infection in Patient with Sarcoidosis, France, 2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1907-1909. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120797.
APA Riviere, E., Neau, D., Roux, X., Lippa, N., Roger-Schmeltz, J., Mercie, P....Longy-Boursier, M. (2012). Pulmonary Streptomyces Infection in Patient with Sarcoidosis, France, 2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1907-1909. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120797.

Pneumonia after Earthquake, Japan, 2011 [PDF - 169 KB - 3 pages]
H. Takahashi et al.
EID Takahashi H, Fujimura S, Ubukata S, Sato E, Shoji M, Utagawa M, et al. Pneumonia after Earthquake, Japan, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1909-1911. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111660
AMA Takahashi H, Fujimura S, Ubukata S, et al. Pneumonia after Earthquake, Japan, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1909-1911. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111660.
APA Takahashi, H., Fujimura, S., Ubukata, S., Sato, E., Shoji, M., Utagawa, M....Watanabe, A. (2012). Pneumonia after Earthquake, Japan, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1909-1911. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111660.

Severe Pneumonia Caused by Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 11, Italy [PDF - 160 KB - 3 pages]
A. Grottola et al.
EID Grottola A, Forghieri F, Meacci M, Fabio A, Pozzi L, Marchegiano P, et al. Severe Pneumonia Caused by Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 11, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1911-1913. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120216
AMA Grottola A, Forghieri F, Meacci M, et al. Severe Pneumonia Caused by Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 11, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1911-1913. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120216.
APA Grottola, A., Forghieri, F., Meacci, M., Fabio, A., Pozzi, L., Marchegiano, P....Pecorari, M. (2012). Severe Pneumonia Caused by Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 11, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1911-1913. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120216.

Novel Human Enterovirus C Infection in Child with Community-acquired Pneumonia [PDF - 145 KB - 3 pages]
C. Daleno et al.
EID Daleno C, Piralla A, Usonis V, Scala A, Ivaskevicius R, Baldanti F, et al. Novel Human Enterovirus C Infection in Child with Community-acquired Pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1913-1915. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120321
AMA Daleno C, Piralla A, Usonis V, et al. Novel Human Enterovirus C Infection in Child with Community-acquired Pneumonia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1913-1915. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120321.
APA Daleno, C., Piralla, A., Usonis, V., Scala, A., Ivaskevicius, R., Baldanti, F....Esposito, S. (2012). Novel Human Enterovirus C Infection in Child with Community-acquired Pneumonia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1913-1915. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120321.

Genome Sequencing of Pathogenic Rhodococcus spp.
J. Hang et al.
EID Hang J, Clifford RJ, Yang Y, Riley MC, Mody RM, Kuschner RA, et al. Genome Sequencing of Pathogenic Rhodococcus spp.. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1915-1916. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120818
AMA Hang J, Clifford RJ, Yang Y, et al. Genome Sequencing of Pathogenic Rhodococcus spp.. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1915-1916. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120818.
APA Hang, J., Clifford, R. J., Yang, Y., Riley, M. C., Mody, R. M., Kuschner, R. A....Lesho, E. P. (2012). Genome Sequencing of Pathogenic Rhodococcus spp.. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1915-1916. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120818.

Atypical Pestivirus and Severe Respiratory Disease in Calves, Europe [PDF - 79 KB - 2 pages]
N. Decaro et al.
EID Decaro N, Buonavoglia C, Liu L, Larska M, Xia H, Uttenthal Å, et al. Atypical Pestivirus and Severe Respiratory Disease in Calves, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1917-1918. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111298
AMA Decaro N, Buonavoglia C, Liu L, et al. Atypical Pestivirus and Severe Respiratory Disease in Calves, Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1917-1918. doi:10.3201/eid1811.111298.
APA Decaro, N., Buonavoglia, C., Liu, L., Larska, M., Xia, H., Uttenthal, Å....Belák, S. (2012). Atypical Pestivirus and Severe Respiratory Disease in Calves, Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1917-1918. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111298.

Bartonella spp. Bacteremia and Rheumatic Symptoms in Patients from Lyme Disease–endemic Region [PDF - 252 KB - 4 pages]
C. Ben Beard et al.
EID Ben Beard C, Raoult D, Nelson CA, Mead PS, Petersen LR. Bartonella spp. Bacteremia and Rheumatic Symptoms in Patients from Lyme Disease–endemic Region. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1918-1919. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120675
AMA Ben Beard C, Raoult D, Nelson CA, et al. Bartonella spp. Bacteremia and Rheumatic Symptoms in Patients from Lyme Disease–endemic Region. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1918-1919. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120675.
APA Ben Beard, C., Raoult, D., Nelson, C. A., Mead, P. S., & Petersen, L. R. (2012). Bartonella spp. Bacteremia and Rheumatic Symptoms in Patients from Lyme Disease–endemic Region. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1918-1919. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.120675.

Bartonella spp. Bacteremia and Rheumatic Symptoms in Patients from Lyme Disease–endemic Region [PDF - 252 KB - 4 pages]
R. G. Maggi et al.
EID Maggi RG, Mozayeni B, Pultorak EL, Hegarty BC, Bradley JM, Correa M, et al. Bartonella spp. Bacteremia and Rheumatic Symptoms in Patients from Lyme Disease–endemic Region. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1919-1921. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.121226
AMA Maggi RG, Mozayeni B, Pultorak EL, et al. Bartonella spp. Bacteremia and Rheumatic Symptoms in Patients from Lyme Disease–endemic Region. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1919-1921. doi:10.3201/eid1811.121226.
APA Maggi, R. G., Mozayeni, B., Pultorak, E. L., Hegarty, B. C., Bradley, J. M., Correa, M....Breitschwerdt, E. B. (2012). Bartonella spp. Bacteremia and Rheumatic Symptoms in Patients from Lyme Disease–endemic Region. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1919-1921. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.121226.
Another Dimension

Pandemic Influenza Outbreak on a Troop Ship—Diary of a Soldier in 1918 [PDF - 265 KB - 4 pages]
J. A. Summers

A newly identified diary from a soldier in 1918 describes aspects of a troop ship outbreak of pandemic influenza. This diary is the only known document that describes this outbreak and provides information not officially documented concerning possible risk factors such as overcrowding and the suboptimal outbreak response by military leaders. It also presents an independent personal perspective of this overwhelming experience.

EID Summers JA. Pandemic Influenza Outbreak on a Troop Ship—Diary of a Soldier in 1918. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1900-1903. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.ad1811
AMA Summers JA. Pandemic Influenza Outbreak on a Troop Ship—Diary of a Soldier in 1918. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1900-1903. doi:10.3201/eid1811.ad1811.
APA Summers, J. A. (2012). Pandemic Influenza Outbreak on a Troop Ship—Diary of a Soldier in 1918. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1900-1903. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.ad1811.
About the Cover

Science Avant-Garde [PDF - 134 KB - 2 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. Science Avant-Garde. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1922-1923. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.ac1811
AMA Potter P. Science Avant-Garde. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1922-1923. doi:10.3201/eid1811.ac1811.
APA Potter, P. (2012). Science Avant-Garde. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1922-1923. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.ac1811.
Etymologia

Etymologia: Coxsackievirus [PDF - 162 KB - 1 page]
EID Etymologia: Coxsackievirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1871. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.et1811
AMA Etymologia: Coxsackievirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(11):1871. doi:10.3201/eid1811.et1811.
APA (2012). Etymologia: Coxsackievirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(11), 1871. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.et1811.
Online Reports

Integrating Genome-based Informatics to Modernize Global Disease Monitoring, Information Sharing, and Response
F. M. Aarestrup et al.

The rapid advancement of genome technologies holds great promise for improving the quality and speed of clinical and public health laboratory investigations and for decreasing their cost. The latest generation of genome DNA sequencers can provide highly detailed and robust information on disease-causing microbes, and in the near future these technologies will be suitable for routine use in national, regional, and global public health laboratories. With additional improvements in instrumentation, these next- or third-generation sequencers are likely to replace conventional culture-based and molecular typing methods to provide point-of-care clinical diagnosis and other essential information for quicker and better treatment of patients. Provided there is free-sharing of information by all clinical and public health laboratories, these genomic tools could spawn a global system of linked databases of pathogen genomes that would ensure more efficient detection, prevention, and control of endemic, emerging, and other infectious disease outbreaks worldwide.


Challenges and Controversies in Defining Totally Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
P. Cegielski et al.

In March 2012, in response to reports of tuberculosis (TB) resistant to all anti-TB drugs, the World Health Organization convened an expert consultation that identified issues to be resolved before defining a new category of highly drug-resistant TB. Proposed definitions are ambiguous, and extensive drug resistance is encompassed by the already defined extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. There is no evidence that proposed totally resistant TB differs from strains encompassed by XDR TB. Susceptibility tests for several drugs are poorly reproducible. Few laboratories can test all drugs, and there is no consensus list of all anti-TB drugs. Many drugs are used off-label for highly drug resistant TB, and new drugs formulated to combat resistant strains would render the proposed category obsolete. Labeling TB strains as totally drug resistant might lead providers to think infected patients are untreatable. These challenges must be addressed before defining a new category for highly drug-resistant TB.

Page created: October 18, 2012
Page updated: October 18, 2012
Page reviewed: October 18, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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