Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link

Volume 18, Number 12—December 2012

Research

Diagnostic Assays for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

Jessica VanhomwegenComments to Author , Maria João Alves, Tatjana Avšič Županc, Silvia Bino, Sadegh Chinikar, Helen Karlberg, Gülay Korukluoğlu, Miša Korva, Masoud Mardani, Ali Mirazimi, Mehrdad Mousavi, Anna Papa, Ana Saksida, Batool Sharifi-Mood, Persofoni Sidira, Katerina Tsergouli, Roman Wölfel, Hervé Zeller, and Philippe Dubois
Author affiliations: Author affiliations: Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J. Vanhomwegen, P. Dubois); European Centre for Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden (J. Vanhomwegen, H. Zeller); National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal (M.J. Alves); Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia (T. Avšič Županc, M. Korva, A. Saksida); Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania (S. Bino); Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (S. Chinikar); Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden (H. Karlberg, A. Mirazimi, M. Mousavi); Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, Ankara, Turkey (G. Korukluoğlu); Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (M. Mardani, B. Sharifi-Mood); Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (A. Papa, P. Sidira, K. Tsergouli); and Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany (R. Wölfel)

Main Article

Table 5

Operational characteristics of selected CCHF diagnostic assays*

Operational characteristic Mean score
VectoCrimea-CHF
ELISA† Crimean-Congo Fever Mosaic 2 IFA‡ RealStar CCHFV RT-PCR Kit 1.2§ CCHF2006 1.5 LCD Kit (26)
Equipment¶

Maintenance of equipment required

 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.3

Training for equipment required

 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.5

Additional equipment required

 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.8
Technique

Clarity of instructions¶

 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.0

Technical training required¶

 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.3

Technical complexity#

 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3
Interpretation

Training required for result interpretation¶

 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8

Ease of interpretation of results#

 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.5
Total score 8.5/10 6.7/10 6.0/10 6.3/10

*CCHF, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; IFA, immunofluorescent assay; CCHFV, CCHF virus; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR; LCD, low-cost, low-density.
†Vector-Best, Novosibirsk, Russia.
‡Euroimmun, Luebeck, Germany.
§Altona-Diagnostics, Hamburg, Germany.
¶A score of 1 was attributed when instructions were sufficiently clear or when no specific training, no additional equipment, or no regular equipment maintenance were necessary.
#Score was attributed according to the degree of simplicity of the technique or interpretation: 2 if it was considered easy, 1 if it was considered acceptable, and 0 if it was considered difficult.

Main Article

References
  1. Morikawa  S, Saijo  M, Kurane  I. Recent progress in molecular biology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;30:375–89. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Whitehouse  CA. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 2004;64:145–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Episouth. Epidemiology of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kosovo, Russian Federation, Turkey. 2008 Oct 1 [cited 2011 Nov 15]. http://www.episouth.org/outputs/wp6/Episouth_CCHF_01_10_2008_final.pdf
  4. Hoogstraal  H. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol. 1979;15:307–417.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Ergonul  O, Whitehouse  CH, editors. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: a global perspective. Dordrecht (the Netherlands): Springer; 2007.
  6. Appannanavar  SB, Mishra  B. An update on Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011;3:285–92. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Leblebicioglu  H. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Eurasia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36(Suppl 1):S43–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Chinikar  S, Ghiasi  SM, Hewson  R, Moradi  M, Haeri  A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran and neighboring countries. J Clin Virol. 2010;47:110–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Ergönül  O. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:203–14. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Maltezou  HC, Papa  A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Risk for emergence of new endemic foci in Europe? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2010;8:139–43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Maltezou  HC, Andonova  L, Andraghetti  R, Bouloy  M, Ergonul  O, Jongejan  F, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Europe: current situation calls for preparedness. Euro Surveill. 2010;15:19504.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. European Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Consultation on Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever prevention and control. Meeting report. 2008 Sep [cited 2011 Nov 15]. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/0809_MER_Crimean_Congo_Haemorragic_Fever_Prevention_and_Control.pdf
  13. World Health Organization. Fièvre hémorragique Crimée-Congo, hantavirus et fièvre hémorragique Alkhurma—menaces de maladies infectieuses émergentes. Rapport du Secrétariat. 2010 Apr 15 [cited 2011 Nov 16]. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB127/B127_3-fr.pdf
  14. Ke  R, Zorzet  A, Göransson  J, Lindegren  G, Sharifi-Mood  B, Chinikar  S, A colorimetric nucleic acid testing assay for RNA virus detection based on circle-to-circle amplification of padlock probes. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:4279–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Drosten  C, Kümmerer  BM, Schmitz  H, Günther  S. Molecular diagnostics of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Antiviral Res. 2003;57:61–87. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Burt  FJ, Leman  P, Smith  J, Swanepoel  R. The use of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of viral nucleic acid in the diagnosis of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. J Virol Methods. 1998;70:129–37. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Duh  D, Saksida  A, Petrovec  M, Ahmeti  S, Dedushaj  I, Panning  M, Viral load as predictor of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outcome. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1769–72. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Wölfel  R, Paweska  JT, Petersen  N, Grobbelaar  AA, Leman  PA, Hewson  R, Virus detection and monitoring of viral load in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1097–100. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Saijo  M, Qing  T, Niikura  M, Maeda  A, Ikegami  T, Sakai  K, Immunofluorescence technique using HeLa cells expressing recombinant nucleoprotein for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:372–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Saijo  M, Qing  T, Niikura  M, Maeda  A, Ikegami  T, Prehaud  C, Recombinant nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:1587–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Emmerich  P, Avsic-Zupanc  T, Chinikar  S, Saksida  A, Thomé-Bolduan  C, Parczany-Hartmann  A, Early serodiagnosis of acute human Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections by novel capture assays. J Clin Virol. 2010;48:294–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Samudzi  RR, Leman  PA, Paweska  JT, Swanepoel  R, Burt  FJ. Bacterial expression of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleoprotein and its evaluation as a diagnostic reagent in an indirect ELISA. J Virol Methods. 2012;179:70–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Schwarz  TF, Nsanze  H, Longson  M, Nitschko  H, Gilch  S, Shurie  H, Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis and identification of distinct variants of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the United Arab Emirates. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;55:190–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Papa  A, Drosten  C, Bino  S, Papadimitriou  E, Panning  M, Velo  E, Viral load and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:805–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Rodriguez  LL, Maupin  GO, Ksiazek  TG, Rollin  PE, Khan  AS, Schwarz  TF, Molecular investigation of a multisource outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;57:512–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Wölfel  R, Paweska  JT, Petersen  N, Grobbelaar  AA, Leman  PA, Hewson  R, Low-density macroarray for rapid detection and identification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:1025–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Papa  A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, northeastern Greece. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:141–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Humolli  I, Dedushaj  I, Zupanac  TA, Muçaj  S. Epidemiological, serological and herd immunity of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Kosovo. Med Arh. 2010;64:91–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Suleiman  MN, Muscat-Baron  JM, Harries  JR, Satti  AG, Platt  GS, Bowen  ET, Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Dubai. An outbreak at the Rashid Hospital. Lancet. 1980;2:939–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Zakhashvili  K. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in man, Republic of Georgia, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1326–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Randolph  SE, Rogers  DJ. The arrival, establishment and spread of exotic diseases: patterns and predictions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:361–71. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. World Health Organization. International Health Regulations (2005), 2nd ed. 2008 [cited 2012 Feb 15]. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241580410_eng.pdf.
  33. European Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies for disease-specific programmes 2010–2013. 2010 Jul [cited 2012 Feb 15]. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/100714_COR_Strategies_for_disease-specific_programmes_2010-2013.pdf
  34. Escadafal  C, Öhlschläger  S, Avšič-Županc  T, Vanhomwegen  J, Mirazimi  A, Teichmann  A, First international external quality assessment of molecular detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1706. Epub 2012 Jun 26. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: November 21, 2012
Page updated: November 21, 2012
Page reviewed: November 21, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external