Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 18, Number 2—February 2012
Research

Association of Human Bocavirus 1 Infection with Respiratory Disease in Childhood Follow-up Study, Finland

Mira Meriluoto, Lea Hedman, Laura Tanner, Ville Simell, Marjaana Mäkinen, Satu Simell, Juha Mykkänen, Jan Korpelainen, Olli Ruuskanen, Jorma Ilonen, Mikael Knip, Olli Simell, Klaus Hedman, and Maria Söderlund-VenermoComments to Author 
Author affiliations: University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (M. Meriluoto, L. Hedman, M. Knip, K. Hedman, M. Söderlund-Venermo); Haartman Institute, Helsinki (M. Meriluoto, L. Hedman, K. Hedman, M. Söderlund-Venermo); Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki (L. Hedman, M. Knip, K. Hedman); University of Turku, Turku, Finland (L. Tanner, V. Simell, M. Mäkinen, S. Simell, J. Mykkänen, J. Korpelainen, O. Ruuskanen, J. Ilonen, O. Simell); University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (J. Ilonen); Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (M. Knip); Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki (M. Knip)

Main Article

Table 3

Serologic and quantitative PCR results of consecutive serum samples from a representative child, showing all acute HBoV markers, Finland*

Sample no. Age at sample collection, y Sampling interval, d IgG absorbance IgG interpretation† IgM absorbance IgM interpretation‡ IgG avidity, %§ qPCR, copies/mL
1 0.33 120 0.061 Neg 0.015 Neg
2 0.99 235 0.010 Neg 0.014 Neg
3 1.25 96 0.029 Neg 0.025 Neg
4 1.52 96 0.032 Neg 0.023 Neg
5 1.77 90 0.032 Neg 0.021 Neg
6 2.02 89 0.017 Neg 0.022 Neg
7 2.52 180 0.019 Neg 0.028 Neg
8 2.97 165 0.014 Neg 0.028 Neg Neg Neg
9 3.44 167 1.536 Pos 0.730 Pos 2.8 7.67 × 104
10 3.93 178 2.883 Pos 0.023 Neg 60.8 Neg
11 4.46 190 3.412 Pos 0.035 Neg
12 4.91 163 3.111 Pos 0.022 Neg
13 5.45 193 3.754 Pos 0.033 Neg
14 5.96 185 3.228 Pos 0.020 Neg
15 7.07 398 3.183 Pos 0.030 Neg
16 7.52 163 3.102 Pos 0.026 Neg
17 8.07 198 3.450 Pos 0.027 Neg
18 8.53 165 3.149 Pos 0.016 Neg
19 9.07 195 3.252 Pos 0.024 Neg 49.2

*This child experienced an acute HBoV infection at 3 years of age (sample no. 9), evidenced by: IgG conversion, IgM, low IgG avidity and viremia (boldface). HBoV, human bocavirus; qPCR, quantitative PCR in serum; neg, negative; pos, positive; blank cells, not done.
†The cutoff absorbances for negative and positive IgG results were 0.154 (mean + 3 SD) and 0.188 (mean + 4 SD), respectively (13).
‡The cutoff absorbances for negative and positive IgM results were 0.136 (mean + 3 SD) and 0.167 (mean + 4 SD), respectively (13).
§The low- and high-avidity cutoff values: 15% and 25%, respectively (17).

Main Article

References
  1. Allander  T, Tammi  MT, Eriksson  M, Bjerkner  A, Tiveljung-Lindell  A, Andersson  B. Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:12891–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Schildgen  O, Müller  A, Allander  T, Mackay  IM, Völz  S, Kupfer  B, Human bocavirus: passenger or pathogen in acute respiratory tract infections? Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21:291–304. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Arnold  JC. Human bocavirus in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:557–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Kapoor  A, Slikas  E, Simmonds  P, Chieochansin  T, Naeem  A, Shaukat  S, A newly identified bocavirus species in human stool. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:196–200. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Arthur  JL, Higgins  GD, Davidson  GP, Givney  RC, Ratcliff  RM. A novel bocavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Australian children. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000391. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Kapoor  A, Simmonds  P, Slikas  E, Li  L, Bodhidatta  L, Sethabutr  O, Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent in enteric infections. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1633–43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. von Linstow  ML, Høgh  M, Høgh  B. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of human bocavirus in Danish infants: results from a prospective birth cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:897–902. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Brieu  N, Guyon  G, Rodiere  M, Segondy  M, Foulongne  V. Human bocavirus infection in children with respiratory tract disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:969–73. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Longtin  J, Bastien  M, Gilca  R, Leblanc  E, de Serres  G, Bergeron  MG, Human bocavirus infections in hospitalized children and adults. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:217–21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Blessing  K, Neske  F, Herre  U, Kreth  HW, Weissbrich  B. Prolonged detection of human bocavirus DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with respiratory tract disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:1018–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Martin  ET, Fairchok  MP, Kuypers  J, Magaret  A, Zerr  DM, Wald  A, Frequent and prolonged shedding of bocavirus in young children attending daycare. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1625–32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Allander  T, Jartti  T, Gupta  S, Niesters  HG, Lehtinen  P, Osterback  R, Human bocavirus and acute wheezing in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:904–10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Söderlund-Venermo  M, Lahtinen  A, Jartti  T, Hedman  L, Kemppainen  K, Lehtinen  P, Clinical assessment and improved diagnosis of bocavirus-induced wheezing in children, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1423–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Wang  K, Wang  W, Yan  H, Ren  P, Zhang  J, Shen  J, Correlation between bocavirus infection and humoral response, and co-infection with other respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory infection. J Clin Virol. 2010;47:148–55. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Christensen  A, Nordbø  SA, Krokstad  S, Rognlien  AG, Døllner  H. Human bocavirus in children: mono-detection, high viral load and viraemia are associated with respiratory tract infection. J Clin Virol. 2010;49:158–62. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Don  M, Söderlund-Venermo  M, Hedman  K, Ruuskanen  O, Allander  T, Korppi  M. Don't forget serum in the diagnosis of human bocavirus infection. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:1031–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Hedman  L, Söderlund-Venermo  M, Jartti  T, Ruuskanen  O, Hedman  K. Dating of human bocavirus infection with protein-denaturing IgG-avidity assays—secondary immune activations are ubiquitous in immunocompetent adults. J Clin Virol. 2010;48:44–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Ilonen  J, Sjöroos  M, Knip  M, Veijola  R, Simell  O, Åkerblom  HK, Estimation of genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Am J Med Genet. 2002;115:30–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Nejentsev  S, Sjöroos  M, Soukka  T, Knip  M, Simell  O, Lövgren  T, Population-based genetic screening for the estimation of type 1 diabetes mellitus risk in Finland: selective genotyping of markers in the HLA-DQB1, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DRB1 loci. Diabet Med. 1999;16:985–92. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Kantola  K, Hedman  L, Allander  T, Jartti  T, Lehtinen  P, Ruuskanen  O, Serodiagnosis of human bocavirus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:540–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Subbarayan  A, Colarusso  G, Hughes  SM, Gennery  AR, Slatter  M, Cant  AJ, Clinical features that identify children with primary immunodeficiency diseases. Pediatrics. 2011;127:810–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Lindblom  A, Isa  A, Norbeck  O, Wolf  S, Johansson  B, Broliden  K, Slow clearance of human parvovirus B19 viremia following acute infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1201–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Endo  R, Ishiguro  N, Kikuta  H, Teramoto  S, Shirkoohi  R, Ma  X, Seroepidemiology of human bocavirus in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:3218–23. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Kahn  JS, Kesebir  D, Cotmore  SF, D'Abramo  A Jr, Cosby  C, Weibel  C, Seroepidemiology of human bocavirus defined using recombinant virus-like particles. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:41–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Lin  F, Guan  W, Cheng  F, Yang  N, Pintel  D, Qiu  J. ELISAs using human bocavirus VP2 virus-like particles for detection of antibodies against HBoV. J Virol Methods. 2008;149:110–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Lindner  J, Karalar  L, Zehentmeier  S, Plentz  A, Pfister  H, Struff  W, Humoral immune response against human bocavirus VP2 virus-like particles. Viral Immunol. 2008;21:443–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Kantola  K, Hedman  L, Arthur  J, Alibeto  A, Delwart  E, Jartti  T, Seroepidemiology of human bocaviruses 1–4. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:1403–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Enders  M, Lindner  J, Wenzel  JJ, Baisch  C, Schalasta  G, Enders  G, No detection of human bocavirus in amniotic fluid samples from fetuses with hydrops or isolated effusions. J Clin Virol. 2009;45:300–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Riipinen  A, Väisänen  E, Lahtinen  A, Karikoski  R, Nuutila  M, Surcel  HM, Absence of human bocavirus from deceased fetuses and their mothers. J Clin Virol. 2010;47:186–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Karalar  L, Lindner  J, Schimanski  S, Kertai  M, Segerer  H, Modrow  S. Prevalence and clinical aspects of human bocavirus infection in children. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:633–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Kesebir  D, Vazquez  M, Weibel  C, Shapiro  ED, Ferguson  D, Landry  ML, Human bocavirus infection in young children in the United States: molecular epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of a newly emerging respiratory virus. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1276–82. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Maggi  F, Andreoli  E, Pifferi  M, Meschi  S, Rocchi  J, Bendinelli  M. Human bocavirus in Italian patients with respiratory diseases. J Clin Virol. 2007;38:321–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Fry  AM, Lu  X, Chittaganpitch  M, Peret  T, Fischer  J, Dowell  SF, Human bocavirus: a novel parvovirus epidemiologically associated with pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Thailand. J Infect Dis. 2007;195:1038–45. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Rezes  S, Söderlund-Venermo  M, Roivainen  M, Kemppainen  K, Szabó  Z, Sziklai  I, Human bocavirus and rhino-enteroviruses in childhood otitis media with effusion. J Clin Virol. 2009;46:234–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Beder  LB, Hotomi  M, Ogami  M, Yamauchi  K, Shimada  J, Billal  DS, Clinical and microbiological impact of human bocavirus on children with acute otitis media. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:1365–72. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: January 17, 2012
Page updated: January 17, 2012
Page reviewed: January 17, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external