Perspective
Pathogenic Responses among Young Adults during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Of the unexplained characteristics of the 1918–19 influenza pandemic, the extreme mortality rate among young adults (W-shaped mortality curve) is the foremost. Lack of a coherent explanation of this and other epidemiologic and clinical manifestations of the pandemic contributes to uncertainty in preparing for future pandemics. Contemporaneous records suggest that immunopathologic responses were a critical determinant of the high mortality rate among young adults and other high-risk subgroups. Historical records and findings from laboratory animal studies suggest that persons who were exposed to influenza once before 1918 (e.g., A/H3Nx 1890 pandemic strain) were likely to have dysregulated, pathologic cellular immune responses to infections with the A/H1N1 1918 pandemic strain. The immunopathologic effects transiently increased susceptibility to ultimately lethal secondary bacterial pneumonia. The extreme mortality rate associated with the 1918–19 pandemic is unlikely to recur naturally. However, T-cell–mediated immunopathologic effects should be carefully monitored in developing and using universal influenza vaccines.
EID | Shanks G, Brundage JF. Pathogenic Responses among Young Adults during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):201-207. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.102042 |
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AMA | Shanks G, Brundage JF. Pathogenic Responses among Young Adults during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):201-207. doi:10.3201/eid1802.102042. |
APA | Shanks, G., & Brundage, J. F. (2012). Pathogenic Responses among Young Adults during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.102042. |
Research
Pneumococcal pneumonia was a complication during previous influenza pandemics but was not evident initially during pandemic (H1N1) 2009. During October 2009 in Denver, Colorado, USA, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 peaked simultaneously, which suggests a link. We compared cases of IPD in October 2009 with cases in February 2009, the most recent peak month of seasonal influenza. During October 2009, we observed 58 IPD cases, which was 3× the average number of IPD cases that usually occur in October in Denver. Patients with IPD in October 2009 were younger and more likely to have chronic lung disease than patients who had IPD in February 2009; a total of 10/47 patients had influenza, and 33/53 patients had influenza-like illness. Thus, ≈17%–62% cases of IPD may have been associated with pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Pneumococcal disease prevention strategies should be emphasized during future influenza pandemics.
EID | Nelson GE, Gershman KA, Swerdlow DL, Beall BW, Moore MR. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Denver, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):208-216. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110714 |
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AMA | Nelson GE, Gershman KA, Swerdlow DL, et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Denver, Colorado, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):208-216. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110714. |
APA | Nelson, G. E., Gershman, K. A., Swerdlow, D. L., Beall, B. W., & Moore, M. R. (2012). Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Denver, Colorado, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110714. |
Diphtheria in the Postepidemic Period, Europe, 2000–2009
Diphtheria incidence has decreased in Europe since its resurgence in the 1990s, but circulation continues in some countries in eastern Europe, and sporadic cases have been reported elsewhere. Surveillance data from Diphtheria Surveillance Network countries and the World Health Organization European Region for 2000–2009 were analyzed. Latvia reported the highest annual incidence in Europe each year, but the Russian Federation and Ukraine accounted for 83% of all cases. Over the past 10 years, diphtheria incidence has decreased by >95% across the region. Although most deaths occurred in disease-endemic countries, case-fatality rates were highest in countries to which diphtheria is not endemic, where unfamiliarity can lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment. In western Europe, toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans has increasingly been identified as the etiologic agent. Reduction in diphtheria incidence over the past 10 years is encouraging, but maintaining high vaccination coverage is essential to prevent indigenous C. ulcerans and reemergence of C. diphtheriae infections.
EID | Wagner KS, White JM, Lucenko I, Mercer D, Crowcroft NS, Neal S, et al. Diphtheria in the Postepidemic Period, Europe, 2000–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):217-225. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110987 |
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AMA | Wagner KS, White JM, Lucenko I, et al. Diphtheria in the Postepidemic Period, Europe, 2000–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):217-225. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110987. |
APA | Wagner, K. S., White, J. M., Lucenko, I., Mercer, D., Crowcroft, N. S., Neal, S....Efstratiou, A. (2012). Diphtheria in the Postepidemic Period, Europe, 2000–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 217-225. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110987. |
Infection with Campylobacter spp. commonly precedes Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). We therefore hypothesized that GBS incidence may have followed a marked rise and then decline in campylobacteriosis rates in New Zealand. We reviewed records for 1988–2010: hospitalization records for GBS case-patients and campylobacteriosis case-patients plus notifications of campylobacteriosis. We identified 2,056 first hospitalizations for GBS, an average rate of 2.32 hospitalizations/100,000 population/year. Annual rates of hospitalization for GBS were significantly correlated with rates of notifications of campylobacteriosis. For patients hospitalized for campylobacteriosis, risk of being hospitalized for GBS during the next month was greatly increased. Three years after successful interventions to lower Campylobacter spp. contamination of fresh poultry meat, notifications of campylobacteriosis had declined by 52% and hospitalizations for GBS by 13%. Therefore, regulatory measures to prevent foodborne campylobacteriosis probably have an additional health and economic benefit of preventing GBS.
EID | Baker MG, Kvalsvig A, Zhang J, Lake R, Sears A, Wilson N. Declining Guillain-Barré Syndrome after Campylobacteriosis Control, New Zealand, 1988–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):226-233. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111126 |
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AMA | Baker MG, Kvalsvig A, Zhang J, et al. Declining Guillain-Barré Syndrome after Campylobacteriosis Control, New Zealand, 1988–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):226-233. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111126. |
APA | Baker, M. G., Kvalsvig, A., Zhang, J., Lake, R., Sears, A., & Wilson, N. (2012). Declining Guillain-Barré Syndrome after Campylobacteriosis Control, New Zealand, 1988–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 226-233. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111126. |
Pathogenesis of Avian Bornavirus in Experimentally Infected Cockatiels
Avian bornavirus (ABV) is the presumed causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a major fatal disease in psittacines. However, the influencing factors and pathogenesis of PDD are not known and natural ABV infection exhibits remarkable variability. We investigated the course of infection in 18 cockatiels that were intracerebrally and intravenously inoculated with ABV. A persistent ABV infection developed in all 18 cockatiels, but, as in natural infection, clinical disease patterns varied. Over 33 weeks, we simultaneously studied seroconversion, presence of viral RNA and antigens, infectious virus, histopathologic alterations, and clinical signs of infection in the ABV-infected birds. Our study results further confirm the etiologic role of ABV in the development of PDD, and they provide basis for further investigations of the pathogenetic mechanisms and disease-inducing factors for the development of PDD.
EID | Piepenbring AK, Enderlein D, Herzog S, Kaleta EF, Heffels-Redmann U, Ressmeyer S, et al. Pathogenesis of Avian Bornavirus in Experimentally Infected Cockatiels. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):234-241. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111525 |
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AMA | Piepenbring AK, Enderlein D, Herzog S, et al. Pathogenesis of Avian Bornavirus in Experimentally Infected Cockatiels. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):234-241. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111525. |
APA | Piepenbring, A. K., Enderlein, D., Herzog, S., Kaleta, E. F., Heffels-Redmann, U., Ressmeyer, S....Lierz, M. (2012). Pathogenesis of Avian Bornavirus in Experimentally Infected Cockatiels. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 234-241. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111525. |
Effect of Surveillance Method on Reported Characteristics of Lyme Disease, Connecticut, 1996–2007
To determine the effect of changing public health surveillance methods on the reported epidemiology of Lyme disease, we analyzed Connecticut data for 1996–2007. Data were stratified by 4 surveillance methods and compared. A total of 87,174 reports were received that included 79,896 potential cases. Variations based on surveillance methods were seen. Cases reported through physician-based surveillance were significantly more likely to be classified as confirmed; such case-patients were significantly more likely to have symptoms of erythema migrans only and to have illness onset during summer months. Case-patients reported through laboratory-based surveillance were significantly more likely to have late manifestations only and to be older. Use of multiple surveillance methods provided a more complete clinical and demographic description of cases but lacked efficiency. When interpreting data, changes in surveillance method must be considered.
EID | Ertel S, Nelson RS, Cartter ML. Effect of Surveillance Method on Reported Characteristics of Lyme Disease, Connecticut, 1996–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):242-247. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.101219 |
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AMA | Ertel S, Nelson RS, Cartter ML. Effect of Surveillance Method on Reported Characteristics of Lyme Disease, Connecticut, 1996–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):242-247. doi:10.3201/eid1802.101219. |
APA | Ertel, S., Nelson, R. S., & Cartter, M. L. (2012). Effect of Surveillance Method on Reported Characteristics of Lyme Disease, Connecticut, 1996–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.101219. |
Characterization of Nipah Virus from Outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2008–2010
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans. The initial outbreak of NiV infection occurred in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999; relatively small, sporadic outbreaks among humans have occurred in Bangladesh since 2001. We characterized the complete genomic sequences of identical NiV isolates from 2 patients in 2008 and partial genomic sequences of throat swab samples from 3 patients in 2010, all from Bangladesh. All sequences from patients in Bangladesh comprised a distinct genetic group. However, the detection of 3 genetically distinct sequences from patients in the districts of Faridpur and Gopalganj indicated multiple co-circulating lineages in a localized region over a short time (January–March 2010). Sequence comparisons between the open reading frames of all available NiV genes led us to propose a standardized protocol for genotyping NiV; this protcol provides a simple and accurate way to classify current and future NiV sequences.
EID | Lo MK, Lowe L, Hummel KB, Sazzad H, Gurley ES, Hossain M, et al. Characterization of Nipah Virus from Outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2008–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):248-255. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111492 |
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AMA | Lo MK, Lowe L, Hummel KB, et al. Characterization of Nipah Virus from Outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2008–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):248-255. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111492. |
APA | Lo, M. K., Lowe, L., Hummel, K. B., Sazzad, H., Gurley, E. S., Hossain, M....Rota, P. A. (2012). Characterization of Nipah Virus from Outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2008–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111492. |
Unsuspected Dengue and Acute Febrile Illness in Rural and Semi-Urban Southern Sri Lanka
Dengue virus (DENV), a globally emerging cause of undifferentiated fever, has been documented in the heavily urbanized western coast of Sri Lanka since the 1960s. New areas of Sri Lanka are now being affected, and the reported number and severity of cases have increased. To study emerging DENV in southern Sri Lanka, we obtained epidemiologic and clinical data and acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples from patients >2 years old with febrile illness. We tested paired serum samples for DENV IgG and IgM and serotyped virus by using isolation and reverse transcription PCR. We identified acute DENV infection (serotypes 2, 3, and 4) in 54 (6.3%) of 859 patients. Only 14% of patients had clinically suspected dengue; however, 54% had serologically confirmed acute or past DENV infection. DENV is a major and largely unrecognized cause of fever in southern Sri Lanka, especially in young adults.
EID | Reller ME, Bodinayake C, Nagahawatte A, Devasiri V, Kodikara-Arachichi W, Strouse JJ, et al. Unsuspected Dengue and Acute Febrile Illness in Rural and Semi-Urban Southern Sri Lanka. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):256-263. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110962 |
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AMA | Reller ME, Bodinayake C, Nagahawatte A, et al. Unsuspected Dengue and Acute Febrile Illness in Rural and Semi-Urban Southern Sri Lanka. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):256-263. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110962. |
APA | Reller, M. E., Bodinayake, C., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Kodikara-Arachichi, W., Strouse, J. J....Woods, C. W. (2012). Unsuspected Dengue and Acute Febrile Illness in Rural and Semi-Urban Southern Sri Lanka. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 256-263. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110962. |
Association of Human Bocavirus 1 Infection with Respiratory Disease in Childhood Follow-up Study, Finland
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) DNA is frequently detected in the upper airways of young children with respiratory symptoms. Because of its persistence and frequent co-detection with other viruses, however, its etiologic role has remained controversial. During 2009–2011, using HBoV1 IgM, IgG, and IgG-avidity enzyme immunoassays and quantitative PCR, we examined 1,952 serum samples collected consecutively at 3- to 6-month intervals from 109 constitutionally healthy children from infancy to early adolescence. Primary HBoV1 infection, as indicated by seroconversion, appeared in 102 (94%) of 109 children at a mean age of 2.3 years; the remaining 7 children were IgG antibody positive from birth. Subsequent secondary infections or IgG antibody increases were evident in 38 children and IgG reversions in 10. Comparison of the seroconversion interval with the next sampling interval for clinical events indicated that HBoV1 primary infection, but not secondary immune response, was significantly associated with acute otitis media and respiratory illness.
EID | Meriluoto M, Hedman L, Tanner L, Simell V, Mäkinen M, Simell S, et al. Association of Human Bocavirus 1 Infection with Respiratory Disease in Childhood Follow-up Study, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):264-271. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111293 |
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AMA | Meriluoto M, Hedman L, Tanner L, et al. Association of Human Bocavirus 1 Infection with Respiratory Disease in Childhood Follow-up Study, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):264-271. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111293. |
APA | Meriluoto, M., Hedman, L., Tanner, L., Simell, V., Mäkinen, M., Simell, S....Söderlund-Venermo, M. (2012). Association of Human Bocavirus 1 Infection with Respiratory Disease in Childhood Follow-up Study, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 264-271. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111293. |
Lack of Decline in Childhood Malaria, Malawi, 2001–2010
In some areas of Africa, health facility data have indicated declines in malaria that might have resulted from increasingly effective control programs. Most such reports have been from countries where malaria transmission is highly seasonal or of modest intensity. In Malawi, perennial malaria transmission is intense, and malaria control measures have been scaled up during the past decade. We examined health facility data for children seen as outpatients and parasitemia-positive children hospitalized with cerebral malaria in a large national hospital. The proportion of Plasmodium falciparum–positive slides among febrile children at the hospital declined early in the decade, but no further reductions were observed after 2005. The number of admissions for cerebral malaria did not differ significantly by year. Continued surveillance for malaria is needed to evaluate the effects of the increased malaria control efforts.
EID | Roca-Feltrer A, Kwizombe CJ, Sanjoaquin MA, Sesay S, Faragher B, Harrison J, et al. Lack of Decline in Childhood Malaria, Malawi, 2001–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):272-278. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111008 |
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AMA | Roca-Feltrer A, Kwizombe CJ, Sanjoaquin MA, et al. Lack of Decline in Childhood Malaria, Malawi, 2001–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):272-278. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111008. |
APA | Roca-Feltrer, A., Kwizombe, C. J., Sanjoaquin, M. A., Sesay, S., Faragher, B., Harrison, J....Heyderman, R. S. (2012). Lack of Decline in Childhood Malaria, Malawi, 2001–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 272-278. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111008. |
Dispatches
Non-O157 Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli Associated with Venison
We investigated an outbreak of non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli at a high school in Minnesota, USA, in November 2010. Consuming undercooked venison and not washing hands after handling raw venison were associated with illness. E. coli O103:H2 and non-Shiga toxin–producing E. coli O145:NM were isolated from ill students and venison.
EID | Rounds JM, Rigdon CE, Muhl LJ, Forstner M, Danzeisen GT, Koziol BS, et al. Non-O157 Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli Associated with Venison. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):279-282. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110855 |
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AMA | Rounds JM, Rigdon CE, Muhl LJ, et al. Non-O157 Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli Associated with Venison. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):279-282. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110855. |
APA | Rounds, J. M., Rigdon, C. E., Muhl, L. J., Forstner, M., Danzeisen, G. T., Koziol, B. S....Smith, K. (2012). Non-O157 Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli Associated with Venison. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 279-282. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110855. |
High Seroprevalence of Enterovirus Infections in Apes and Old World Monkeys
To estimate population exposure of apes and Old World monkeys in Africa to enteroviruses (EVs), we conducted a seroepidemiologic study of serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies against 3 EV types. Detection of species A, B, and D EVs infecting wild chimpanzees demonstrates their potential widespread circulation in primates.
EID | Harvala H, McIntyre CL, Imai N, Clasper L, Djoko CF, LeBreton M, et al. High Seroprevalence of Enterovirus Infections in Apes and Old World Monkeys. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):283-286. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111363 |
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AMA | Harvala H, McIntyre CL, Imai N, et al. High Seroprevalence of Enterovirus Infections in Apes and Old World Monkeys. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):283-286. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111363. |
APA | Harvala, H., McIntyre, C. L., Imai, N., Clasper, L., Djoko, C. F., LeBreton, M....Simmonds, P. (2012). High Seroprevalence of Enterovirus Infections in Apes and Old World Monkeys. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 283-286. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111363. |
Multiorgan Dysfunction Caused by Travel-associated African Trypanosomiasis
We describe a case of multiorgan dysfunction secondary to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection acquired on safari in Zambia. This case was one of several recently reported to ProMED-mail in persons who had traveled to this region. Trypanosomiasis remains rare in travelers but should be considered in febrile patients who have returned from trypanosomiasis-endemic areas of Africa.
EID | Cottle LE, Peters JR, Hall A, Bailey J, Noyes HA, Rimington JE, et al. Multiorgan Dysfunction Caused by Travel-associated African Trypanosomiasis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):287-289. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111479 |
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AMA | Cottle LE, Peters JR, Hall A, et al. Multiorgan Dysfunction Caused by Travel-associated African Trypanosomiasis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):287-289. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111479. |
APA | Cottle, L. E., Peters, J. R., Hall, A., Bailey, J., Noyes, H. A., Rimington, J. E....Beadsworth, M. (2012). Multiorgan Dysfunction Caused by Travel-associated African Trypanosomiasis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 287-289. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111479. |
Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, Europe
Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica isolates from Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Romania were placed into an existing phylogeographic framework. Isolates from Italy were assigned to phylogenetic group B.FTNF002–00; the other isolates, to group B.13. Most F. tularensis subsp. holarctica isolates from Europe belong to these 2 geographically segregated groups.
EID | Gyuranecz M, Birdsell DN, Splettstoesser W, Seibold E, Beckstrom-Sternberg SM, Makrai L, et al. Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):290-293. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111305 |
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AMA | Gyuranecz M, Birdsell DN, Splettstoesser W, et al. Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):290-293. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111305. |
APA | Gyuranecz, M., Birdsell, D. N., Splettstoesser, W., Seibold, E., Beckstrom-Sternberg, S. M., Makrai, L....Wagner, D. M. (2012). Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 290-293. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111305. |
Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Respiratory Virus Co-infections
To confirm whether respiratory virus infections increase susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal pneumonia, we examined data from 11 influenza seasons (1994–2005) in the United States. Invasive pneumococcal pneumonia was significantly associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus activities in 5 seasons. Association strength was higher when strain H3N2 was the predominant influenza A virus strain.
EID | Zhou H, Haber M, Ray S, Farley MM, Panozzo CA, Klugman KP. Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Respiratory Virus Co-infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):294-297. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.102025 |
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AMA | Zhou H, Haber M, Ray S, et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Respiratory Virus Co-infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):294-297. doi:10.3201/eid1802.102025. |
APA | Zhou, H., Haber, M., Ray, S., Farley, M. M., Panozzo, C. A., & Klugman, K. P. (2012). Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Respiratory Virus Co-infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 294-297. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.102025. |
Survey of Infections Transmissible Between Baboons and Humans, Cape Town, South Africa
Baboons on South Africa’s Cape Peninsula come in frequent contact with humans. To determine potential health risks for both species, we screened 27 baboons from 5 troops for 10 infections. Most (56%) baboons had antibodies reactive or cross-reactive to human viruses. Spatial overlap between these species poses low but potential health risks.
Disseminated Infection Caused by Novel Species of Microsporidium, Thailand
We describe a case of microsporidial myositis in a healthy man from Thailand. The small subunit rRNA sequence of this microsporidium is novel and has a close phylogenetic relationship with Endoreticulatus, a genus of lepidopteran microsporidia. Myositis could be caused by more genera of microsporidia than previously known.
EID | Suankratay C, Thiansukhon E, Nilaratanakul V, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S. Disseminated Infection Caused by Novel Species of Microsporidium, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):302-304. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111319 |
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AMA | Suankratay C, Thiansukhon E, Nilaratanakul V, et al. Disseminated Infection Caused by Novel Species of Microsporidium, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):302-304. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111319. |
APA | Suankratay, C., Thiansukhon, E., Nilaratanakul, V., Putaporntip, C., & Jongwutiwes, S. (2012). Disseminated Infection Caused by Novel Species of Microsporidium, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 302-304. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111319. |
Determining Mortality Rates Attributable to Clostridium difficile Infection
To determine accuracy of measures of deaths attributable to Clostridium difficile infection, we compared 3 measures for 2007–2008 in Ontario, Canada: death certificate; death within 30 days of infection; and panel review. Data on death within 30 days were more feasible than panel review and more accurate than death certificate data.
EID | Hota SS, Achonu C, Crowcroft NS, Harvey BJ, Lauwers A, Gardam MA. Determining Mortality Rates Attributable to Clostridium difficile Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):305-307. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.101611 |
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AMA | Hota SS, Achonu C, Crowcroft NS, et al. Determining Mortality Rates Attributable to Clostridium difficile Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):305-307. doi:10.3201/eid1802.101611. |
APA | Hota, S. S., Achonu, C., Crowcroft, N. S., Harvey, B. J., Lauwers, A., & Gardam, M. A. (2012). Determining Mortality Rates Attributable to Clostridium difficile Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 305-307. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.101611. |
Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infections, United States, 2010–11
During October 2010–July 2011, 1.0% of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses in the United States were oseltamivir resistant, compared with 0.5% during the 2009–10 influenza season. Of resistant viruses from 2010–11 and 2009–10, 26% and 89%, respectively, were from persons exposed to oseltamivir before specimen collection. Findings suggest limited community transmission of oseltamivir-resistant virus.
EID | Storms AD, Gubareva LV, Su S, Wheeling JT, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Pan C, et al. Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infections, United States, 2010–11. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):308-311. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111466 |
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AMA | Storms AD, Gubareva LV, Su S, et al. Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infections, United States, 2010–11. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):308-311. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111466. |
APA | Storms, A. D., Gubareva, L. V., Su, S., Wheeling, J. T., Okomo-Adhiambo, M., Pan, C....Fry, A. M. (2012). Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infections, United States, 2010–11. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 308-311. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111466. |
Extended Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in a Pediatric Hospital, China
Four Cryptosporidium spp. and 6 C. hominis subtypes were isolated from 102 of 6,284 patients in 3 pediatric hospitals in People’s Republic of China. A cryptosporidiosis outbreak was identified retrospectively. The outbreak lasted >1 year and affected 51.4% of patients in 1 hospital ward, where 2 C. hominis subtypes with different virulence were found.
EID | Feng Y, Wang L, Duan L, Gomez-Puerta LA, Zhang L, Zhao X, et al. Extended Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in a Pediatric Hospital, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):312-314. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110666 |
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AMA | Feng Y, Wang L, Duan L, et al. Extended Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in a Pediatric Hospital, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):312-314. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110666. |
APA | Feng, Y., Wang, L., Duan, L., Gomez-Puerta, L. A., Zhang, L., Zhao, X....Xiao, L. (2012). Extended Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in a Pediatric Hospital, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 312-314. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110666. |
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Captive Cheetah
We describe virus isolation, full genome sequence analysis, and clinical pathology in ferrets experimentally inoculated with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus recovered from a clinically ill captive cheetah that had minimal human contact. Evidence of reverse zoonotic transmission by fomites underscores the substantial animal and human health implications of this virus.
EID | Crossley B, Hietala S, Hunt T, Benjamin G, Martinez M, Darnell D, et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Captive Cheetah. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):315-317. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111245 |
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AMA | Crossley B, Hietala S, Hunt T, et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Captive Cheetah. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):315-317. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111245. |
APA | Crossley, B., Hietala, S., Hunt, T., Benjamin, G., Martinez, M., Darnell, D....Webby, R. (2012). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Captive Cheetah. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 315-317. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111245. |
Shuni Virus as Cause of Neurologic Disease in Horses
To determine which agents cause neurologic disease in horses, we conducted reverse transcription PCR on isolates from of a horse with encephalitis and 111 other horses with acute disease. Shuni virus was found in 7 horses, 5 of which had neurologic signs. Testing for lesser known viruses should be considered for horses with unexplained illness.
EID | van Eeden C, Williams JH, Gerdes T, van Wilpe E, Viljoen A, Swanepoel R, et al. Shuni Virus as Cause of Neurologic Disease in Horses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):318-321. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111403 |
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AMA | van Eeden C, Williams JH, Gerdes T, et al. Shuni Virus as Cause of Neurologic Disease in Horses. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):318-321. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111403. |
APA | van Eeden, C., Williams, J. H., Gerdes, T., van Wilpe, E., Viljoen, A., Swanepoel, R....Venter, M. (2012). Shuni Virus as Cause of Neurologic Disease in Horses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 318-321. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111403. |
Plesiomonas shigelloides Infection, Ecuador, 2004–2008
Diarrheal risk associated with Plesiomonas shigelloides infection was assessed in rural communities in northwestern Ecuador during 2004–2008. We found little evidence that single infection with P. shigelloides is associated with diarrhea but stronger evidence that co-infection with rotavirus causes diarrhea.
EID | Escobar JC, Bhavnani D, Trueba G, Ponce K, Cevallos W, Eisenberg J. Plesiomonas shigelloides Infection, Ecuador, 2004–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):322-324. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110562 |
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AMA | Escobar JC, Bhavnani D, Trueba G, et al. Plesiomonas shigelloides Infection, Ecuador, 2004–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):322-324. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110562. |
APA | Escobar, J. C., Bhavnani, D., Trueba, G., Ponce, K., Cevallos, W., & Eisenberg, J. (2012). Plesiomonas shigelloides Infection, Ecuador, 2004–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 322-324. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110562. |
Melioidosis in Animals, Thailand, 2006–2010
We retrospectively estimated the incidence of culture-proven melioidosis in animals in Thailand during 2006–2010. The highest incidence was in goats (1.63/100,000/year), followed by incidence in pigs and cattle. The estimated incidence of melioidosis in humans in a given region paralleled that of melioidosis in goats.
EID | Limmathurotsakul D, Thammasart S, Warrasuth N, Thapanagulsak P, Jatapai A, Pengreungrojanachai V, et al. Melioidosis in Animals, Thailand, 2006–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):325-327. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111347 |
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AMA | Limmathurotsakul D, Thammasart S, Warrasuth N, et al. Melioidosis in Animals, Thailand, 2006–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):325-327. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111347. |
APA | Limmathurotsakul, D., Thammasart, S., Warrasuth, N., Thapanagulsak, P., Jatapai, A., Pengreungrojanachai, V....Peacock, S. J. (2012). Melioidosis in Animals, Thailand, 2006–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 325-327. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111347. |
Rickettsia felis Infection in Febrile Patients, Western Kenya, 2007–2010
To determine previous exposure and incidence of rickettsial infections in western Kenya during 2007–2010, we conducted hospital-based surveillance. Antibodies against rickettsiae were detected in 57.4% of previously collected serum samples. In a 2008–2010 prospective study, Rickettsia felis DNA was 2.2× more likely to be detected in febrile than in afebrile persons.
EID | Maina AN, Knobel DL, Jiang J, Halliday J, Feikin DR, Cleaveland S, et al. Rickettsia felis Infection in Febrile Patients, Western Kenya, 2007–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):328-331. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111372 |
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AMA | Maina AN, Knobel DL, Jiang J, et al. Rickettsia felis Infection in Febrile Patients, Western Kenya, 2007–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):328-331. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111372. |
APA | Maina, A. N., Knobel, D. L., Jiang, J., Halliday, J., Feikin, D. R., Cleaveland, S....Njenga, M. (2012). Rickettsia felis Infection in Febrile Patients, Western Kenya, 2007–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 328-331. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111372. |
Commentaries
1918 Influenza, a Puzzle with Missing Pieces
EID | Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. 1918 Influenza, a Puzzle with Missing Pieces. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):332-335. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111409 |
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AMA | Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. 1918 Influenza, a Puzzle with Missing Pieces. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):332-335. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111409. |
APA | Morens, D. M., & Taubenberger, J. K. (2012). 1918 Influenza, a Puzzle with Missing Pieces. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 332-335. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111409. |
Letters
Rapid Diagnosis of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Cuba
EID | Acosta B, Piñón A, Valdés O, Savón C, Arencibía A, Guilarte E, et al. Rapid Diagnosis of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Cuba. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):336-337. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110547 |
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AMA | Acosta B, Piñón A, Valdés O, et al. Rapid Diagnosis of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Cuba. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):336-337. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110547. |
APA | Acosta, B., Piñón, A., Valdés, O., Savón, C., Arencibía, A., Guilarte, E....Llop, A. (2012). Rapid Diagnosis of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Cuba. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 336-337. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110547. |
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Caused by Coxsackievirus A6, Japan, 2011
EID | Fujimoto T, Iizuka S, Enomoto M, Abe K, Yamashita K, Hanaoka N, et al. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Caused by Coxsackievirus A6, Japan, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):337-339. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111147 |
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AMA | Fujimoto T, Iizuka S, Enomoto M, et al. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Caused by Coxsackievirus A6, Japan, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):337-339. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111147. |
APA | Fujimoto, T., Iizuka, S., Enomoto, M., Abe, K., Yamashita, K., Hanaoka, N....Shimizu, H. (2012). Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Caused by Coxsackievirus A6, Japan, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 337-339. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111147. |
Human and Porcine Hepatitis E Viruses, Southeastern Bolivia
EID | Purdy MA, Dell’Amico M, Gonzales J, Segundo H, Tolari F, Mazzei M, et al. Human and Porcine Hepatitis E Viruses, Southeastern Bolivia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):339-340. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111453 |
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AMA | Purdy MA, Dell’Amico M, Gonzales J, et al. Human and Porcine Hepatitis E Viruses, Southeastern Bolivia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):339-340. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111453. |
APA | Purdy, M. A., Dell’Amico, M., Gonzales, J., Segundo, H., Tolari, F., Mazzei, M....Khudyakov, Y. E. (2012). Human and Porcine Hepatitis E Viruses, Southeastern Bolivia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 339-340. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111453. |
Baylisascaris procyonis Infection in Elderly Person, British Columbia, Canada
EID | Hung T, Neafie RC, Mackenzie I. Baylisascaris procyonis Infection in Elderly Person, British Columbia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):341-342. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111046 |
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AMA | Hung T, Neafie RC, Mackenzie I. Baylisascaris procyonis Infection in Elderly Person, British Columbia, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):341-342. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111046. |
APA | Hung, T., Neafie, R. C., & Mackenzie, I. (2012). Baylisascaris procyonis Infection in Elderly Person, British Columbia, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 341-342. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111046. |
Dengue Surveillance among French Military in Africa
EID | de Laval F, Plumet S, Simon F, Deparis X, Leparc-Goffart I. Dengue Surveillance among French Military in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):342-343. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111333 |
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AMA | de Laval F, Plumet S, Simon F, et al. Dengue Surveillance among French Military in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):342-343. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111333. |
APA | de Laval, F., Plumet, S., Simon, F., Deparis, X., & Leparc-Goffart, I. (2012). Dengue Surveillance among French Military in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 342-343. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111333. |
Clonal Spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Primary School, Bordeaux, France
EID | Pereyre S, Renaudin H, Charron A, Bébéar C. Clonal Spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Primary School, Bordeaux, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):343-345. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111379 |
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AMA | Pereyre S, Renaudin H, Charron A, et al. Clonal Spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Primary School, Bordeaux, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):343-345. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111379. |
APA | Pereyre, S., Renaudin, H., Charron, A., & Bébéar, C. (2012). Clonal Spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Primary School, Bordeaux, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 343-345. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111379. |
Risk for Emergence of Dengue and Chikungunya Virus in Israel
EID | Leshem E, Bin H, Shalom U, Perkin M, Schwartz E. Risk for Emergence of Dengue and Chikungunya Virus in Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):345-347. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111648 |
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AMA | Leshem E, Bin H, Shalom U, et al. Risk for Emergence of Dengue and Chikungunya Virus in Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):345-347. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111648. |
APA | Leshem, E., Bin, H., Shalom, U., Perkin, M., & Schwartz, E. (2012). Risk for Emergence of Dengue and Chikungunya Virus in Israel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 345-347. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111648. |
Possible Pet-associated Baylisascariasis in Child, Canada
EID | Haider S, Khairnar K, Martin DS, Yang J, Ralevski F, Kazacos KR, et al. Possible Pet-associated Baylisascariasis in Child, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):347-349. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110674 |
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AMA | Haider S, Khairnar K, Martin DS, et al. Possible Pet-associated Baylisascariasis in Child, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):347-349. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110674. |
APA | Haider, S., Khairnar, K., Martin, D. S., Yang, J., Ralevski, F., Kazacos, K. R....Pillai, D. R. (2012). Possible Pet-associated Baylisascariasis in Child, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 347-349. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110674. |
Zika Virus Infection, Cambodia, 2010
EID | Heang V, Yasuda CY, Sovann L, Haddow AD, Travassos da Rosa A, Tesh RB, et al. Zika Virus Infection, Cambodia, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):349-351. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111224 |
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AMA | Heang V, Yasuda CY, Sovann L, et al. Zika Virus Infection, Cambodia, 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):349-351. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111224. |
APA | Heang, V., Yasuda, C. Y., Sovann, L., Haddow, A. D., Travassos da Rosa, A., Tesh, R. B....Kasper, M. R. (2012). Zika Virus Infection, Cambodia, 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 349-351. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111224. |
Recombination of Human Coxsackievirus B5 in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Patients, China
EID | Han J, Jiang T, Fan X, Yang L, Yu M, Cao R, et al. Recombination of Human Coxsackievirus B5 in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Patients, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):351-353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111524 |
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AMA | Han J, Jiang T, Fan X, et al. Recombination of Human Coxsackievirus B5 in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Patients, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):351-353. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111524. |
APA | Han, J., Jiang, T., Fan, X., Yang, L., Yu, M., Cao, R....Qin, C. (2012). Recombination of Human Coxsackievirus B5 in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Patients, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 351-353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111524. |
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Tap Water
EID | Hernández-Garduño E, Elwood K. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Tap Water. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110455 |
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AMA | Hernández-Garduño E, Elwood K. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Tap Water. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):353. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110455. |
APA | Hernández-Garduño, E., & Elwood, K. (2012). Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Tap Water. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 353. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110455. |
Leishmania infantum and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis, Argentina
EID | Barrio A, Parodi CM, Locatelli F, Mora MC, Basombrío MA, Korenaga M, et al. Leishmania infantum and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):354-355. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110924 |
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AMA | Barrio A, Parodi CM, Locatelli F, et al. Leishmania infantum and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis, Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):354-355. doi:10.3201/eid1802.110924. |
APA | Barrio, A., Parodi, C. M., Locatelli, F., Mora, M. C., Basombrío, M. A., Korenaga, M....Marco, J. D. (2012). Leishmania infantum and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis, Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 354-355. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.110924. |
Plasmodium falciparum in Asymptomatic Immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, Spain
EID | Monge-Maillo B, Norman F, Pérez-Molina J, Díaz-Menéndez M, Rubio J, López-Vélez R. Plasmodium falciparum in Asymptomatic Immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):356-357. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111283 |
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AMA | Monge-Maillo B, Norman F, Pérez-Molina J, et al. Plasmodium falciparum in Asymptomatic Immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):356-357. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111283. |
APA | Monge-Maillo, B., Norman, F., Pérez-Molina, J., Díaz-Menéndez, M., Rubio, J., & López-Vélez, R. (2012). Plasmodium falciparum in Asymptomatic Immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 356-357. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111283. |
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Circulating in Pigs, Guangxi, China
EID | Yan J, Xiong Y, Yi C, Sun X, He Q, Fu W, et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Circulating in Pigs, Guangxi, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):357-359. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111346 |
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AMA | Yan J, Xiong Y, Yi C, et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Circulating in Pigs, Guangxi, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):357-359. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111346. |
APA | Yan, J., Xiong, Y., Yi, C., Sun, X., He, Q., Fu, W....Liu, Q. (2012). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Circulating in Pigs, Guangxi, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 357-359. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111346. |
Cutaneous Melioidosis in Adolescent Returning from Guadeloupe
EID | Meckenstock R, Therby A, Marque-Juillet S, Monnier S, Khau D, Pangon B, et al. Cutaneous Melioidosis in Adolescent Returning from Guadeloupe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):359-360. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111603 |
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AMA | Meckenstock R, Therby A, Marque-Juillet S, et al. Cutaneous Melioidosis in Adolescent Returning from Guadeloupe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):359-360. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111603. |
APA | Meckenstock, R., Therby, A., Marque-Juillet, S., Monnier, S., Khau, D., Pangon, B....Greder-Belan, A. (2012). Cutaneous Melioidosis in Adolescent Returning from Guadeloupe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 359-360. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111603. |
Geographic Distribution of Endemic Fungal Infections among Older Persons, United States
EID | Haselow D, Baddley JW, Saccente M, Xie F, Vyas K, Curtis JR, et al. Geographic Distribution of Endemic Fungal Infections among Older Persons, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):360-361. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111537 |
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AMA | Haselow D, Baddley JW, Saccente M, et al. Geographic Distribution of Endemic Fungal Infections among Older Persons, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):360-361. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111537. |
APA | Haselow, D., Baddley, J. W., Saccente, M., Xie, F., Vyas, K., Curtis, J. R....Phillips, J. (2012). Geographic Distribution of Endemic Fungal Infections among Older Persons, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 360-361. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111537. |
Books and Media
Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present
EID | Okeke IN. Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):362. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111535 |
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AMA | Okeke IN. Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):362. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111535. |
APA | Okeke, I. N. (2012). Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 362. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111535. |
About the Cover
Memory as Medicine
EID | Potter P. Memory as Medicine. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):363-364. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.ac1802 |
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AMA | Potter P. Memory as Medicine. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(2):363-364. doi:10.3201/eid1802.ac1802. |
APA | Potter, P. (2012). Memory as Medicine. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 363-364. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.ac1802. |