Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 18, Number 4—April 2012
Historical Review

Malaria in Highlands of Ecuador since 1900

Lauren L. PinaultComments to Author  and Fiona F. Hunter
Author affiliations: Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada

Main Article

Figure 2

Railway construction at base of the Devil’s Nose switchbacks, Ecuador, showing railway on the left and stone-lined riverbed on the right, where several pools can be seen (likely formed by falling rocks from construction), which would likely have provided suitable habitat for Anopheles pseudopunctipennis larvae. Photograph: Historical Archive of Banco Central and García Idrovo (14).

Figure 2. Railway construction at base of the Devil’s Nose switchbacks, Ecuador, showing railway on the left and stone-lined riverbed on the right, where several pools can be seen (likely formed by falling rocks from construction), which would likely have provided suitable habitat for Anopheles pseudopunctipennis larvae. Photograph: Historical Archive of Banco Central and García Idrovo (14).

Main Article

References
  1. Moreno  AR. Climate change and human health in Latin America: drivers, effects and policies. Reg Environ Change. 2006;6:157–64. DOIGoogle Scholar
  2. Reiter  P. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109:141–61.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Hay  SI, Rogers  DJ, Randolph  SE, Stern  DI, Cox  J, Shanks  GD, Hot topic or hot air? Climate change and malaria resurgence in east African highlands. Trends Parasitol. 2002;18:530–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Rutar  T, Baldomar Salgueiro  EJ, Maguire  JH. Introduced Plasmodium vivax malaria in a Bolivian community at an elevation of 2,300 meters. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:15–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Pinault  LL, Hunter  FF. New highland distribution records of multiple Anopheles species in the Ecuadorian Andes. Malar J. 2011;10:236. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Pineo  RF. Misery and death in the Pearl of the Pacific: Health care in Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1870–1925. Hisp Am Hist Rev. 1990;70:609–37. DOIGoogle Scholar
  7. Izquieta Pérez  L. Public health in Ecuador. Bulletin of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau. 1941;20:1283–5.
  8. Parks  LF, Nuermberger  GA. The sanitation of Guayaquil. Hisp Am Hist Rev. 1943;23:197–221. DOIGoogle Scholar
  9. Sanitary convention [in Spanish]. Grito del Pueblo. 1906 May 13, No. 4227.
  10. Meitzner  M. Malaria, bubonic plague, yellow fever, and ancylostomiasis in Ecuador [in Spanish]. Guayaquil (Ecuador): S.A. Sociedad Filantropica; 1938.
  11. Astudillo  C. Human parasitology [in Spanish]. Quito (Ecuador): Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana; 1971.
  12. Bustamante  ME. Public health administration in Latin America. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1950;40:1067–71. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Espinoza López  N, Triviño Yépez  L, Alarcón y Alvarado  J, Vélez Nieto  L. Technical report: historical and current contribution of the national control of vector-borne disease service (SNEM) for the betterment of the health and the quality of life of Ecuadorians in relation to the illnesses transmitted by arthropod vectors, period 1956–2008 [in Spanish]. Guayaquil (Ecuador): SNEM Technical Commission, Ministry of Public Health, Government of Ecuador; 2009.
  14. García Idrovo  G. The most difficult railway in the world [in Spanish]. Quito (Ecuador): Ministry of Culture, Government of Ecuador; 2008.
  15. Vásconez  VR, Bravo Silva  C. Our railway: past, present, future [in Spanish]. Quito (Ecuador); National State Railway Company; 1992.
  16. From the capital, by telegraph [in Spanish]. Grito del Pueblo. 1906 Mar 17, No. 4170.
  17. Levi Castillo  R. The anophelines of the Republic of Ecuador [in Spanish]. Guayaquil (Ecuador): Artes Graficas Senlieider C.A. Ltda.; 1945.
  18. Montalvan  JA. Malaria in Ecuador [in Spanish]. Guayaquil (Ecuador): Director General of Sanitation, Instituto Nacional de Higiene Leopoldo Izquieta Perez; 1948.
  19. Levi Castillo  R. Studies of the anophelines of the region of Milagro [in Spanish]. Guayaquil (Ecuador): Revista de la Asociación Escuela de Ciencias Quimicas; 1944.
  20. Levi Castillo  R. Studies on the malaria in the Andean valleys of South America [in Spanish]. Revista Médica de Colombia. 1947;15:343–56.
  21. Levi Castillo  R. Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in the Los Chillos valley of Ecuador. J Econ Entomol. 1945;38:385–90.
  22. Aguilar  M. Space and malaria in Ecuador [in Spanish]. In: Aguilar M, Yepez RF, editors. La malaria es más que una picadura. Quito (Ecuador): Instituto Juan Cesar Garcia, Fundación Internacional de Ciencias Sociales y Salud; 1994. p. 1–26.
  23. (Students of) Huerta B. Malaria [in Spanish]. Guayaquil (Ecuador): Impresora de El Tiempo; 1905.
  24. Levi Castillo  R. The pseudopunctipennis complex in Ecuador (Diptera: Culicidae) [in Spanish]. Guayaquil (Ecuador): Imprenta de la Universidad de Guayaquil; 1944.
  25. Hanson  H, Montalvan  JA. Malaria in Balzapamba (epidemiological study) [in Spanish]. Quito (Ecuador): Pan American Sanitation Office; 1938.
  26. Levi Castillo  R. The vectors of malaria of the countries on the coast of the Pacific of South America and their control [in Spanish]. Revista Kuba de Medicina Tropical. 1949;5:101–4.
  27. Sinclair  JH, Wasson  T. Explorations in eastern Ecuador. Geogr Rev. 1923;13:190–210. DOIGoogle Scholar
  28. Gómez de la Torre Serrano  JA, Gómez de la Torre Flores  P, Cruz  ME. Control of malaria at altitude [in Spanish]. In: Cruz ME, de Lourdes Chacon M, editors. New strategies against malaria. Presented at: Conferencia Andina Nuevas Estrategias Contra la Malaria; 1990 May 30–31. Quito (Ecuador): Centro de Documentatción del Sistema de Naciones Unidas Ecuador; 1991. p. 51–7.
  29. Sarmiento  FO. Anthropogenic change in the landscapes of highland Ecuador. Geogr Rev. 2002;92:213–34. DOIGoogle Scholar
  30. Summary of the meteorological observations made in the observatory and in the diverse stations of the Republic [in Spanish]. Quito (Ecuador): Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory of Quito, Ministry of Public Instruction, Government of Ecuador; 1929–1937; 1937.
  31. Mackie  TT, Hunter  GW, Worth  CB. Manual of tropical medicine [in Spanish]. 2nd ed. Mexico City: La Prensa Medica Mexicana; 1950.
  32. Burt  AL, Hitchcock  CB, James  PE, Jones  CF, Minkel  CW. Santo Domingo de los Colorados – a new pioneer zone in Ecuador. Econ Geogr. 1960;36:221–30. DOIGoogle Scholar
  33. Barragán  AR, Dangles  O, Cárdenas  RE, Onore  G. The history of entomology in Ecuador. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 2009;45:410–23.
  34. Perez  AR. Cascarilla and its economic importance in Ecuador [in Spanish]. Quito (Ecuador): Publicaciones del Instituto Superior de Pedagogia y Letras; 1944.
  35. Dunham  GC. The cooperative health program of the American Republics. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1944;34:817–27. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Russell  PF. Malaria in the world today. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1957;47:414–20. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Stivers  J. Emergency malaria situation in Ecuador. Washington: US Government Report, contract no. 510–0011–0-00–3131–00; 1983.
  38. INEC (Instituto Nacional de Estatisticas y Censos). Hospital beds and ingressions (national statistical database), 1967–2008 [in Spanish]. Quito (Ecuador): Government of Ecuador; 2008.
  39. INEC (Instituto Nacional de Estatisticas y Censos). Projection of the population of Ecuador (national statistical database), 1960–2000 [in Spanish]. Quito (Ecuador): Government of Ecuador; 2010.

Main Article

Page created: March 15, 2012
Page updated: March 15, 2012
Page reviewed: March 15, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external