We focused on the geographic range of DENVs in Latin America and the Caribbean, where dengue is widespread and expanding in range. We attempted to identify areas contiguous with previously known dengue-endemic zones where new DENV transmission is occurring by using reports of recent outbreaks.

Known dengue-endemic areas were defined as dengue risk areas identified by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) Health Information for International Travel (commonly referred to as the Yellow Book), 2010 (7) and 2012 (8) editions. Each edition of this book reflects the known distribution of dengue risk in the prior 2 years. To characterize spread according to the Yellow Book, we identified areas that were classified as no known dengue risk in 2010 but were changed to risk areas in the 2012 edition (hereafter referred to as new dengue-endemic areas).

Outbreak data for December 1, 2009–March 18, 2011, were collected from HealthMap (http://www.healthmap.org/en/an), an open access online infectious disease outbreak monitoring system (9,10). HealthMap integrates outbreak-related data from >30,000 electronic sources, including the news media, ProMED-mail, and other electronic public health reporting sources, by using algorithms to classify the diseases and locations associated with each report. Because we wanted to identify spread into new dengue-endemic zones, we limited our analyses to areas that were identified as having no known dengue risk in the 2010 Yellow Book but that were contiguous with >1 risk areas in the 2010 Yellow Book. We identified 53 dengue outbreaks distributed in 60 of these areas.

Figure 1

Figure 1. . . A) Regions in Latin America analyzed for dengue. B) Central Mexico; C) central South America; D) eastern Amazonas, Brazil. Thin gray lines indicate boundaries of first-level administrative units. Areas...

We fitted a bivariate Gaussian mixture model to the extracted HealthMap alerts to model a continuous surface of outbreak density (Technical Appendix). This modeled outbreak probability density surface represents a risk map of recent DENV spread into areas of previously unknown dengue endemicity according to the 2010 Yellow Book (Figure 1). We compared our map with the geographic distribution of new dengue-endemic areas identified in the 2012 Yellow Book. Details of the datasets, models, and statistical methods are available in the Technical Appendix.

Figure 2

Figure 2. . . Receiver-operating characteristic plot of 5-fold cross-validated HealthMap alert density-based classification with new dengue-endemic areas identified by the 2012 Yellow Book as the standard.

Figure 1 shows that high dengue outbreak activity occurred adjacent to previously recognized dengue-endemic zones in 6 states in central Mexico and in parts of northern Argentina, southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. We used receiver-operating characteristic analysis with cross-validation (Figure 2) to set a threshold dengue report density that best identifies new dengue-endemic areas (Figure 1; Technical Appendix). Of the 19 new dengue-endemic areas reported in the 2012 Yellow Book, this threshold identified 14 (74%) as being at elevated risk of endemicity, according to the dengue outbreak probability density estimated by our model. Of the 41 areas that remained unidentified as dengue-endemic areas in the 2012 Yellow Book, our model classified 35 (85%) as having reduced risk of endemicity.

When compared with the Yellow Book, our model incorrectly classified 6 areas as at elevated risk (Figure 1). All alerts in these areas described outbreaks of cases acquired in a nearby known dengue-endemic region of the country. One alert also warned of the recent discovery of dengue vector mosquito larvae by the local surveillance program. The model also classified 5 Yellow Book dengue-endemic areas as at reduced risk (Figure 1). Four of these areas were rural or isolated. Although other explanations likely exist, the low observed sensitivity in these areas illustrates certain limits of any system that relies on Internet-based information flow for monitoring disease spread.

Electronic event–based surveillance systems such as HealthMap and others are frequently used by public health authorities, travelers, physicians and patients, to gain a real-time understanding of global outbreak activity. The HealthMap dengue feed, DengueMap, is currently part of the online dengue information resource of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/). Used in combination with traditional case reporting, HealthMap and other electronic surveillance systems have proven value for enhancing the timeliness of outbreak discovery and information dissemination (11). However, these information sources may also provide added value for monitoring ongoing spread.

Although the signal of DENV activity detected by HealthMap is relatively robust, it has certain limitations. First, the signal tends to be sparse in areas with limited reporting because of low population density or incomplete coverage by the news or social media. Second, the signal can be surrounded by background noise because separating reports caused by cases in travelers from true autochthonous transmission is difficult with automated methods. By limiting our analysis to areas contiguous with known dengue-endemic areas and smoothing outbreak alerts into an outbreak-density surface, we were able to identify a reliable signal of dengue spread. Although this analysis was performed retrospectively, the timeliness of this signal far outperforms any traditional surveillance data stream. Passive case report-based surveillance systems typically operate at a delay of weeks to months, which limits their value for providing a picture of geographic spread, especially on an international scale where surveillance delays may be even more prolonged.

We have demonstrated a novel approach to real-time monitoring of recent expansion of DENV activity in Latin America. Using outbreak reports captured by HealthMap, we identified a signal of geographic expansion of dengue activity that would precede official reports of the geographic distribution of dengue-endemic areas. Currently, no reliable surveillance system is in widespread use that reports the distribution of DENV activity on an ongoing basis and enables near real-time monitoring of trends in geographic expansion. Such a system should enhance the ability of regional and global public health authorities to dynamically allocate resources within a time frame that might effectively avert a full-blown epidemic. Like other large-scale surveillance data sources, our results must be interpreted cautiously. However, when used in conjunction with traditional surveillance methods, our approach has the potential to provide a timely estimate of changes in the geographic distribution of dengue, a critical component of targeted prevention and control efforts.