Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 19, Number 3—March 2013
Research

Effects of Vaccine Program against Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus, United States, 2009–2010

Rebekah H. Borse1, Sundar S. Shrestha, Anthony E. Fiore, Charisma Y. Atkins, James A. Singleton, Carolyn Furlow, and Martin I. MeltzerComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Author affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Main Article

Table 1

Data used to calculate effects of vaccination program against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus by population subgroup*

Subgroup Population % Vaccinated No. doses recommended for full coverage % Assumed outcomes
Vaccine effectiveness† Clinical cases and hospitalizations Deaths
6 mo–9 y 39,429,115 1st dose/45, 2nd dose/23 2 doses, 4 wks apart 1st dose/0, 2nd dose/62 20.1 6.0
10–24 y (10–17 all, 18–24 NP) 59,684,833 27 1 62 22.3 8.0
Pregnant 18–64 y 5,578,782 43 1 62 2.2 4.0
25–64 y, HR, NP 33,949,395 27 1 62 13.5 24.0
25–64 y, HCW, non-HR, NP 17,451,921 36 1 62 5.6 9.0
25–64 y, contact <6 mo, non-HCW, non-HR, NP 8,933,718 23 1 62 2.5 6.0
25–64 y, non-contact <6 mo, non-HCW, non-HR, NP 96,235,755 16 1 62 24.0 30.0
>65 y
 37,989,965
 28
 1
 43
 9.8
 13.0
Total
 299,253,484
 27
 1–2
 NA
 NA
 NA
References (14,28,39) (9,14,28) (6) (24,36,40) (2,19–21) (2,19–21)

*NP, not pregnant; HR, high risk; HCW, health care worker; contact, household contacts and caregivers of children <6 months of age; NA, not applicable.
†Data are for effectiveness against clinical cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. For population subgroup 6 mo–9 y, we assumed the vaccine reached effectiveness levels 2 wk after full coverage (12).

Main Article

References
  1. Department of Homeland Security. Press briefing on swine influenza with Department of Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the White House. Washington: Office of the Press Secretary; 2009 April 26 [cited 2011 Mar 30]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Press-Briefing-On-Swine-Influenza-4/26/09
  2. Shrestha  SS, Swerdlow  DL, Borse  RH, Prabhu  VS, Finelli  L, Atkins  CY, Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009–April 2010). Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(Suppl 1):S75–82 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves vaccines for 2009 H1N1 influenza virus—approval provides important tool to fight pandemic. 2009 Sep 15 [cited 2010 Mar 20]. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2009/ucm182399.htm
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim results: state-specific influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage—United States, October 2009–January 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:363–8 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Schuchat  A, Bell  BP, Redd  SC. The science behind preparing and responding to pandemic influenza: the lessons and limits of science. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(Suppl 1):S8–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Sypsa  V, Hatzakis  A. School closure is currently the main strategy to mitigate influenza A(H1N1)v: a modeling study. Euro Surveill. 2009;14:pii19240 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Partridge  J, Kieny  MP. World Health Organization H1N1 influenza vaccine Task Force. Global production of seasonal and pandemic (H1N1) influenza vaccines in 2009–2010 and comparison with previous estimates and global action plan targets. Vaccine. 2010;28:4709–12 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. US Food and Drug Administration, Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee. Transcript of July 23, 2009 VRBPAC meeting. Regulatory consideration regarding the use of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus vaccines. 2010 [cited 2011 Mar 30]. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/BloodVaccinesandOtherBiologics/VaccinesandRelatedBiologicalProductsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM172424.pdf
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. Influenza vaccination coverage, 2009–10 influenza season. 2011 [updated 2012 Sep 26; cited 2011 Mar 30]. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/0910season.htm
  10. Singleton  JA. H1N1 vaccination coverage. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices February 2010 meeting; presentation slides; 2010 Feb 25–26 meeting. Atlanta, Georgia. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [cited 2011 Mar 30]. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/meetings-info.html#slides
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Final estimates for 2009–10 seasonal influenza and influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage—United States, August 2009 through May, 2010 [cited 2011 Feb 1]. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/coverage_0910estimates.htm
  12. Veguilla  V, Hancock  K, Schiffer  J, Gargiullo  P, Lu  X, Aranio  D, Sensitivity and specificity of serologic assays for the detection of human infection with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus in U.S. populations. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:2210–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated CDC estimates of 2009 H1N1 influenza cases, hospitalizations and deaths in the United States, April 2009–April 10, 2010 [cited 2011 Mar 30]. http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/pdf/CDC_2009_H1N1_Est_PDF_May_4_10_fulltext.pdf
  14. Singleton  JA. Who got H1N1 vaccine? Findings from the U.S. 2009–2010 influenza vaccination surveillance systems. 44th National Immunization Conference. Atlanta, GA, USA, 2010 April 22 [cited 2011 Mar 30]. http://cdc.confex.com/cdc/nic2010/recordingredirect.cgi/id/6781
  15. Wortley  P. H1N1 Influenza vaccination coverage by ACIP target groups, program implementation. 2010 [cited 2010 Apr 22]. www.immunizationmanagers.org/membership/Pascale.ppt
  16. Centers for Disease and Prevention. Interim results: influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent and seasonal influenza vaccination coverage among health-care personnel—United States, August 2009–January 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:357–62 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Projected influenza vaccination target population sizes, vaccination coverage and doses to be used during the 2008–09 season. 2008 [cited 2009 August 30]. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/pdf/influenza_vaccine_target_populations.pdf
  18. Moro  PL, Broder  K, Zheteyeva  Y, Revzina  N, Tepper  N, Kissin  D, Adverse events following administration to pregnant women of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205:473. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Jain  S, Kamimoto  L, Bramley  AM, Schmitz  AM, Benoit  SR, Louie  J, Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April–June 2009. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1935–44 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Reed  C, Angulo  FJ, Swerdlow  DL, Lipsitch  M, Meltzer  MI, Jernigan  DB, Estimates of the prevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States, April–July 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:2004–7 .DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Skarbinski  J, Jain  S, Bramley  A, Lee  EJ, Huang  J, Kirschke  D, Hospitalized patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in the United States—September–October 2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(Suppl 1):S50–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Furlow  CF, Singleton  JA, Bardenheier  B. Combining estimates of influenza vaccination coverage from the BRFSS 2009–2010 and the National 2009 H1N1 Flu Survey. Poster presented at: Annual Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Conference; Atlanta, GA, USA; March 20–23, 2011.
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update on influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:1100–1 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Wu  J, Xu  F, Lu  L, Lu  M, Miao  L, Gao  T, Safety and effectiveness of a 2009 H1N1 vaccine in Beijing. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2416–23 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Valenciano  M, Kissling  E, Cohen  J-M, Oroszi  B, Barret  A-S, Rizzo  C, Estimates of pandemic influenza vaccine effectiveness in Europe, 2009–2010: results of influenza monitoring vaccine effectiveness in Europe (I-MOVE) multicentre case-control study. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1000388 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Castilla  J, Morán  J, Martinez-Artola  V. Fernández -Alonso M, Guevara M, Cenoz MG, et al. Effectiveness of the monovalent influenza A(H1N1)2009 vaccine in Navarre, Spain, 2009–2010: cohort and case control study. Vaccine. 2011;29:5919–24. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Wichmann  O, Stocker  P, Poggensee  G, Altmann  D, Walter  D, Hellenbrand  W, Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 breakthrough infections and estimates of vaccine effectiveness in Germany 2009–2010. Euro Surveill. 2010;15:pii19561 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim results: influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage—United States, October-December 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:44–8 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Gurav  YK, Pawar  SD, Chadha  MS, Potdar  VA, Deshpande  AS, Koratkar  SS, Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 outbreak in a residential school at Panchgani, Maharashtra, India. Indian J Med Res. 2010;132:67–71 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Baker  MG, Wilson  N, Huang  QS, Paine  S, Lopez  L, Bandaranayake  D, Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v in New Zealand: the experience from April to August 2009. Euro Surveill. 2009;14:pii19319 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Health Protection Agency. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in England: an overview of initial epidemiological findings and implications for the second wave. 2009 [cited 2011 Mar 30]. http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1258560552857
  32. von Kries  R, Weiss  S, Falkenhorst  G, Wirth  S, Kaiser  P, Huppertz  HI, Post-pandemic seroprevalence of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection (swine flu) among children <18 years in Germany. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e23955 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Kumar  S, Fan  J, Melzer-Lange  M, Trost  J, Havens  PL, Willoughby  RE, H1N1 hemagglutinin-inhibition seroprevalence in emergency department health care workers after the first wave of the 2009 influenza pandemic. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27:804–7 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Jackson  ML, France  AM, Hancock  K, Lu  X, Veguilla  V, Sun  H, Serologically confirmed household transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus during the first pandemic wave—New York City, April–May 2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:455–62 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Li  T, Liu  Y, Di  B, Wang  M, Shen  J, Zhang  Y, Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in a boarding school: serological analysis of 1570 cases. J Clin Virol. 2011;50:235–9 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Carrat  F, Vergu  E, Ferguson  NM, Lemaitre  M, Cauchemez  S, Leach  S, Time lines of infection and disease in human influenza: a review of volunteer challenge studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:775–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Plennevaux  E, Blatter  M, Cornish  MJ, Go  K, Kirby  D, Wali  M, Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 two-dose immunization of US children: an observer-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine. 2011;29:1569–75 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Stöhr  K, Esveld  M. Will vaccines be available for the next influenza pandemic? Science. 2004;306:2195–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Moro  PL, Broder  K, Zheteyeva  Y, Revzina  N, Tepper  N, Kissin  D, Adverse events following administration to pregnant women of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205:473.e1–9.
  40. Monto  AS, Ohmit  SE, Petrie  JG, Johnson  E, Truscon  R, Teich  E, Comparative efficacy of inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1260–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

1Current affiliation: Merck & Co., Inc., Lansdale, Pennsylvania, USA.

Page created: February 12, 2013
Page updated: February 12, 2013
Page reviewed: February 12, 2013
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external