Targeting Surveillance for Zoonotic Virus Discovery

Jordan Levinson¹, Tiffany L. Bogich¹, Kevin J. Olival, Jonathan H. Epstein, Christine K. Johnson, William Karesh, and Peter Daszak

Author affiliations: EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, USA (J. Levinson, T.L. Bogich, K.J. Olival, J.H. Epstein, W. Karesh, P. Daszak); National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (T.L. Bogich); Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (T.L. Bogich); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA (C.K. Johnson)

Main Article

Table

Logistic regression analysis with bias reduction of whether a host presents with disease for 234 mammal–virus pairs from 5 taxonomic orders of mammals and 10 taxonomic families of viruses*

Predictor†	Values for categorical predictors relative to level of reference category
Predictor†	Coefficient	SE	Z test statistic	p value	Odds ratio	95% CI
Constant	–0.33	0.58	–0.56	0.58	0.72	0.23–2.26
Virus family (reference category: Flaviviridae)
Bunyaviridae	–1.74	0.64	–2.71	0.01	0.18	0.05–0.62
Filoviridae	3.26	1.83	1.78	0.08	26.07	0.72–944.49
Herpesviridae	0.10	0.65	0.16	0.87	1.11	0.31–3.94
Paramyxoviridae	3.43	1.42	2.41	0.02	30.95	1.90–503.52
Picornaviridae	1.12	0.76	1.48	0.14	3.08	0.69–13.68
Poxviridae	2.29	0.81	2.82	<0.001	9.90	2.01–48.72
Reoviridae	2.13	1.05	2.02	0.04	8.39	1.07–66.12
Rhabdoviridae	9.20	2.39	3.85	<0.001	‡	‡
Togaviridae	–0.36	0.63	−–0.58	0.56	0.70	0.20–2.38
Species order (reference category: Artiodactyla)
Chiroptera	–6.47	1.81	–3.57	<0.001	0.00	0–0.05
Perissodactyla	0.58	0.76	0.77	0.44	1.79	0.40–8.03
Primates	–0.16	0.68	–0.24	0.81	0.85	0.22–3.24
Rodentia	–1.12	0.67	–1.66	0.10	0.33	0.09–1.22

*The subset of data used was selected by using a cutoff of at least 3 records in the database to avoid making inference about host orders or virus families, for which we had very little information.
†Virus and host reference groups were selected as those for which sample size was sufficiently large and symptomatic infection was moderate (see Figure 1).
‡All host–virus pairs were symptomatic.

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¹These authors contributed equally to this article.

The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.

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Volume 19, Number 5—May 2013

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