Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 20, Number 10—October 2014
Research

Lyme Disease, Virginia, USA, 2000–2011

R. Jory BrinkerhoffComments to Author , Will F. Gilliam, and David Gaines
Author affiliations: University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA (R.J. Brinkerhoff, W.F. Gilliam); University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (R.J. Brinkerhoff); Virginia Department of Health, Richmond (D. Gaines)

Main Article

Figure 4

Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of Ixodes scapularis lineages based on 16S rRNA gene sequences using Tamura 3-parameter model (35). All samples beginning with IS were collected during this study; reference sequence GenBank accession numbers are indicated, as were sampling locations (2-letter state abbreviation). The clade containing samples collected in GA, FL, NC, OK, and SC is known as the Southern clade (sensu Norris et al. [20]); the clade containing all samples from this stud

Figure 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of Ixodes scapularis lineages based on 16S rRNA gene sequences using Tamura 3-parameter model (35). All samples beginning with IS were collected during this study; reference sequence GenBank accession numbers are indicated, as were sampling locations (2-letter state abbreviation). The clade containing samples collected in GA, FL, NC, OK, and SC is known as the Southern clade (sensu Norris et al. [20]); the clade containing all samples from this study, indicated by the prefix IS, represents the American clade (more complete explanation of these terms is provided in the text). Bootstrap values at nodes are based on 500 replicates. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.

Main Article

References
  1. Bacon  RM, Kugeler  KJ, Mead  PS. Surveillance for LD—United States, 1992–2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008;57:19 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Barbour  AG, Fish  D. The biological and social phenomenon of LD. Science. 1993;260:16106. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Pepin  KM, Eisen  RJ, Mead  PS, Piesman  J, Fish  D, Hoen  AG, Geographic variation in the relationship between human LD incidence and density of infected host–seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs in the eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:106271. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. LD incidence rates by state, 2002–2011 [cited 2013 May 7]. http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/incidencebystate.html
  5. Diuk-Wasser  MA, Hoen  AG, Cislo  P, Brinkerhoff  R, Hamer  SA, Rowland  M, Human risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the LD agent, in eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:3207. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Goddard J. Ecological studies of adult Ixodes scapularis in central Mississippi: questing activity in relation to time of year, vegetation type, and meteorologic conditions. J Med Entomol. 1992;29:5016 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Rich  SM, Caporale  DA, Telford  SR, Kocher  TD, Hartl  DL, Spielman  A. Disctribution of the Ixodes ricinus–like ticks of eastern North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:62848. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Durden  LA, Oliver  JH Jr, Banks  CW, Vogel  GN. Parasitism of lizards by immature stages of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari, Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol. 2002;26:25766. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Goddard  J, Piesman  J. New records of immature Ixodes scapularis from Mississippi. J Vector Ecol. 2006;31:4212. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Incidence by state, 2005–2010 [cited 2012 Jul 1]. http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/incidencebystate.html
  11. Heimberger  T, Jenkins  S, Russell  H, Duma  R. Epidemiology of LD in Virginia. Am J Med Sci. 1990;300:2837. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Casteel  M, Sonenshine  D. Abundance of adult Ixodes scapularis and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in eastern Virginia. Va J Sci. 1996;47:293300.
  13. Sonenshine  DE, Ratzlaff  RE, Troyer  J, Demmerle  S, Demmerle  ER, Austin  WE, Borrelia burgdorferi in eastern Virginia: comparison between a coastal and inland locality. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;53:12333 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Apperson  CS, Levine  JF, Nicholson  WL. Geographic occurrence of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting white-tailed deer in North Carolina. J Wildl Dis. 1990;26:5503. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Amerasinghe  FP, Breisch  NL, Azad  AF, Gimpel  WF, Greko  M, Neidhardt  MK, Distribution, density and LD spirochete infection in Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) on white-tailed deer in Maryland. J Med Entomol. 1992;29:5461 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Amerasinghe  FP, Breisch  NL, Neidhardt  K, Pagac  B, Scott  TW. Increasing density and Borrelia burgdorferi infection of deer-infesting Ixodes dammini (Acari:Ixodidae) in Maryland. J Med Entomol. 1993;30:85864 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Diuk-Wasser  MA, Hoen  AG, Cortinas  R, Yaremych-Hamer  S, Tsao  J, Kitron  U, Spatiotemporal patterns of host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J Med Entomol. 2006;43:16676. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Stromdahl  EY, Hickling  GJ. Beyond Lyme: aetiology of tick-borne human diseases with emphasis on the south-eastern United States. Zoonoses Public Health. 2012;59(Suppl. 2):4864. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Qiu  WG, Dykhuizen  DE, Acosta  MS, Luf  BJ. Geographic uniformity of the LD spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and its shared history with tick vector (Ixodes scapularis) in the northeastern United States. Genetics. 2002;160:83349 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Norris  DE, Klompen  JSH, Keirans  JE, Black  WIC. Population genetics of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S genes. J Med Entomol. 1996;33:7889 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Van Zee  J, Black  WC, Levin  M, Goddard  J, Smith  J, Piesman  J. High SNP density in the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis, the principal vector of LD spirochetes. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013;4:63–71.
  22. Humphrey  PT, Caporale  DA, Brisson  D. Uncoordinated phylogeography of Borrelia burgdorferi and its tick vector Ixodes scapularis. Evolution. 2010;64:265363. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Hamer  SA, Tsao  JI, Walker  ED, Hickling  GJ. Invasion of the LD vector Ixodes scapularis: implications for Borrelia burgdorferi endemicity. EcoHealth. 2010;7:4763. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Lee  X, Hardy  K, Johnson  DH, Paskewitz  SM. Hunter-killed deer surveillance to assess changes in the prevalence and distribution of Ixodes scapularis (Acari:Ixodiae) in Wisconsin. J Med Entomol. 2013;50:6329. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Diuk-Wasser  MA, Vourc’h  G, Cislo  P, Hoen  AG, Melton  F, Hamer  SA, Field and climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important vector of tick-borne diseases agents in the eastern United States. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2010;19:50414.
  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of LD. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995;44:5901 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Engstrom  SM, Shoop  E, Johnson  RC. Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early LD. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:41927 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. ESRI. ESRI demographic updates: 2012/2017, and ESRI white paper. ESRI. 2012; http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/demographic-update-methodology-2012.pdf
  29. Falco  RC, Fish  D. A comparison of methods for sampling the deer tick, Ixodes dammini, in a LD-endemic area. Exp Appl Acarol. 1992;14:16573. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Sonenshine  DE. Ticks of Virginia (Acari, Metastigmata). Insects of Virginia series, no. 13. Blacksburg (VA): Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Press. 1979. 35 pp.
  31. Brinkerhoff  RJ, Collinge  SK, Bai  Y, Ray  C. Are carnivores universally good sentinels of plague? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009;9:4917. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Bunikis  J, Garpmo  U, Tsao  J, Berglund  J, Fish  D, Barbour  AG. Sequence typing reveals extensive strain diversity of the Lyme borreliosis agents Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii in Europe. Microbiology. 2004;150:174155. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Trout  RT, Steelman  CD, Szalanski  AL. Population genetics and phylogeography of Ixodes scapularis from canines and deer in Arkansas. Southwest Entomologist. 2009;34:27387. DOIGoogle Scholar
  34. Tamura  K. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G + C content biases. Mol Biol Evol. 1992;9:67887 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Rosen  ME, Hamer  SA, Gerhardt  RR, Jones  CJ, Muller  LI, Scott  MC, Borrelia burgdorferi not detected in widespread Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from white-tailed deer in Tennessee. J Med Entomol. 2012;49:147380. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Oliver  JH Jr, Cummins  GA, Joiner  MS. Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing lizards from the southeastern USA. J Parasitol. 1993;79:6849. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Oliver  JH Jr, Owsley  MR, Hutcheson  HJ, James  AM, Chen  C, Irby  WS, Conspecificity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 1993;30:5463 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Spielman  A, Levine  JF, Wilson  ML. Vectorial capacity of North American Ixodes ticks. Yale J Biol Med. 1984;57:50713 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Estrada-Peña  A. Increasing habitat suitability in the United States for the tick that transmits LD: a remote sensing approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:63540. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Lantos  PM, Brinkerhoff  RJ, Wormser  GP, Clemen  R. Empiric antibiotic treatment of erythema migrans–like skin lesions as a function of geography: a clinical and cost effectiveness modeling study. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013;13:87783. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

The reference has no authors. Please proof carefully. (in reference 6 "Goddard J. Ecological studies of, 1992").

Medline indexes "Va J Sci" but cannot find a listing for reference 12 "Casteel, Sonenshine, 1996". Please check the reference for accuracy.

Medline indexes "Glob Ecol Biogeogr" but cannot find a listing for reference 25 "Diuk-Wasser, Vourc’h, Cislo, Hoen, Melton, Hamer, et al., 2010". Please check the reference for accuracy.

Medline cannot find the journal "Southwest Entomologist" (in reference 33 "Trout, Steelman, Szalanski, 2009"). Please check the journal name.

Page created: September 12, 2014
Page updated: September 12, 2014
Page reviewed: September 12, 2014
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external