Volume 20, Number 10—October 2014
Research
Lyme Disease, Virginia, USA, 2000–2011
Figure 4
References
- Bacon RM, Kugeler KJ, Mead PS. Surveillance for LD—United States, 1992–2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008;57:1–9 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Barbour AG, Fish D. The biological and social phenomenon of LD. Science. 1993;260:1610–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pepin KM, Eisen RJ, Mead PS, Piesman J, Fish D, Hoen AG, Geographic variation in the relationship between human LD incidence and density of infected host–seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs in the eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:1062–71. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. LD incidence rates by state, 2002–2011 [cited 2013 May 7]. http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/incidencebystate.html
- Diuk-Wasser MA, Hoen AG, Cislo P, Brinkerhoff R, Hamer SA, Rowland M, Human risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the LD agent, in eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:320–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Goddard J. Ecological studies of adult Ixodes scapularis in central Mississippi: questing activity in relation to time of year, vegetation type, and meteorologic conditions. J Med Entomol. 1992;29:501–6 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rich SM, Caporale DA, Telford SR, Kocher TD, Hartl DL, Spielman A. Disctribution of the Ixodes ricinus–like ticks of eastern North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:6284–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Durden LA, Oliver JH Jr, Banks CW, Vogel GN. Parasitism of lizards by immature stages of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari, Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol. 2002;26:257–66. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Goddard J, Piesman J. New records of immature Ixodes scapularis from Mississippi. J Vector Ecol. 2006;31:421–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Incidence by state, 2005–2010 [cited 2012 Jul 1]. http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/incidencebystate.html
- Heimberger T, Jenkins S, Russell H, Duma R. Epidemiology of LD in Virginia. Am J Med Sci. 1990;300:283–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Casteel M, Sonenshine D. Abundance of adult Ixodes scapularis and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in eastern Virginia. Va J Sci. 1996;47:293–300.
- Sonenshine DE, Ratzlaff RE, Troyer J, Demmerle S, Demmerle ER, Austin WE, Borrelia burgdorferi in eastern Virginia: comparison between a coastal and inland locality. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;53:123–33 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Apperson CS, Levine JF, Nicholson WL. Geographic occurrence of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting white-tailed deer in North Carolina. J Wildl Dis. 1990;26:550–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Amerasinghe FP, Breisch NL, Azad AF, Gimpel WF, Greko M, Neidhardt MK, Distribution, density and LD spirochete infection in Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) on white-tailed deer in Maryland. J Med Entomol. 1992;29:54–61 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Amerasinghe FP, Breisch NL, Neidhardt K, Pagac B, Scott TW. Increasing density and Borrelia burgdorferi infection of deer-infesting Ixodes dammini (Acari:Ixodidae) in Maryland. J Med Entomol. 1993;30:858–64 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Diuk-Wasser MA, Hoen AG, Cortinas R, Yaremych-Hamer S, Tsao J, Kitron U, Spatiotemporal patterns of host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J Med Entomol. 2006;43:166–76. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stromdahl EY, Hickling GJ. Beyond Lyme: aetiology of tick-borne human diseases with emphasis on the south-eastern United States. Zoonoses Public Health. 2012;59(Suppl. 2):48–64. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Qiu WG, Dykhuizen DE, Acosta MS, Luf BJ. Geographic uniformity of the LD spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and its shared history with tick vector (Ixodes scapularis) in the northeastern United States. Genetics. 2002;160:833–49 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Norris DE, Klompen JSH, Keirans JE, Black WIC. Population genetics of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S genes. J Med Entomol. 1996;33:78–89 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Van Zee J, Black WC, Levin M, Goddard J, Smith J, Piesman J. High SNP density in the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis, the principal vector of LD spirochetes. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013;4:63–71.
- Humphrey PT, Caporale DA, Brisson D. Uncoordinated phylogeography of Borrelia burgdorferi and its tick vector Ixodes scapularis. Evolution. 2010;64:2653–63. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hamer SA, Tsao JI, Walker ED, Hickling GJ. Invasion of the LD vector Ixodes scapularis: implications for Borrelia burgdorferi endemicity. EcoHealth. 2010;7:47–63. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lee X, Hardy K, Johnson DH, Paskewitz SM. Hunter-killed deer surveillance to assess changes in the prevalence and distribution of Ixodes scapularis (Acari:Ixodiae) in Wisconsin. J Med Entomol. 2013;50:632–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Diuk-Wasser MA, Vourc’h G, Cislo P, Hoen AG, Melton F, Hamer SA, Field and climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important vector of tick-borne diseases agents in the eastern United States. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2010;19:504–14.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of LD. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995;44:590–1 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Engstrom SM, Shoop E, Johnson RC. Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early LD. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:419–27 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- ESRI. ESRI demographic updates: 2012/2017, and ESRI white paper. ESRI. 2012; http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/demographic-update-methodology-2012.pdf
- Falco RC, Fish D. A comparison of methods for sampling the deer tick, Ixodes dammini, in a LD-endemic area. Exp Appl Acarol. 1992;14:165–73. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sonenshine DE. Ticks of Virginia (Acari, Metastigmata). Insects of Virginia series, no. 13. Blacksburg (VA): Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Press. 1979. 35 pp.
- Brinkerhoff RJ, Collinge SK, Bai Y, Ray C. Are carnivores universally good sentinels of plague? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009;9:491–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bunikis J, Garpmo U, Tsao J, Berglund J, Fish D, Barbour AG. Sequence typing reveals extensive strain diversity of the Lyme borreliosis agents Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii in Europe. Microbiology. 2004;150:1741–55. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Trout RT, Steelman CD, Szalanski AL. Population genetics and phylogeography of Ixodes scapularis from canines and deer in Arkansas. Southwest Entomologist. 2009;34:273–87. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Tamura K. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G + C content biases. Mol Biol Evol. 1992;9:678–87 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rosen ME, Hamer SA, Gerhardt RR, Jones CJ, Muller LI, Scott MC, Borrelia burgdorferi not detected in widespread Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from white-tailed deer in Tennessee. J Med Entomol. 2012;49:1473–80. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Oliver JH Jr, Cummins GA, Joiner MS. Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing lizards from the southeastern USA. J Parasitol. 1993;79:684–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Oliver JH Jr, Owsley MR, Hutcheson HJ, James AM, Chen C, Irby WS, Conspecificity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 1993;30:54–63 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Spielman A, Levine JF, Wilson ML. Vectorial capacity of North American Ixodes ticks. Yale J Biol Med. 1984;57:507–13 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Estrada-Peña A. Increasing habitat suitability in the United States for the tick that transmits LD: a remote sensing approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:635–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lantos PM, Brinkerhoff RJ, Wormser GP, Clemen R. Empiric antibiotic treatment of erythema migrans–like skin lesions as a function of geography: a clinical and cost effectiveness modeling study. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013;13:877–83. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
The reference has no authors. Please proof carefully. (in reference 6 "Goddard J. Ecological studies of, 1992").
Medline indexes "Va J Sci" but cannot find a listing for reference 12 "Casteel, Sonenshine, 1996". Please check the reference for accuracy.
Medline indexes "Glob Ecol Biogeogr" but cannot find a listing for reference 25 "Diuk-Wasser, Vourc’h, Cislo, Hoen, Melton, Hamer, et al., 2010". Please check the reference for accuracy.
Medline cannot find the journal "Southwest Entomologist" (in reference 33 "Trout, Steelman, Szalanski, 2009"). Please check the journal name.
Page created: September 12, 2014
Page updated: September 12, 2014
Page reviewed: September 12, 2014
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.