Volume 20, Number 12—December 2014
Dispatch
Human Hantavirus Infections in the Netherlands
Jussi Sane
, Johan Reimerink, Margriet Harms, Jacinta Bakker, Lapo Mughini-Gras, Barbara Schimmer, and Wilfrid van Pelt
, Johan Reimerink, Margriet Harms, Jacinta Bakker, Lapo Mughini-Gras, Barbara Schimmer, and Wilfrid van Pelt
Table
Selected factors associated with positivity for IgG against Puumala virus, the Netherlands, December 2008–December 2013*
| Factor | No. persons IFA positive/no. tested (%) | Single variable |
Multivariable |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI)† | p value | aOR (95% CI)‡ | p value | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| M | 9/1,368 (0.66) | Reference | Reference | NA | ||
| F |
18/1,565 (1.15) |
1.79 (0.89–3.57) |
0.10 |
1.87 (0.97–3.61) |
0.06 |
|
| Age, y | ||||||
| 0–15 | 7/824 (0.84) | Reference | Reference | NA | ||
| 16–40 | 7/822 (0.85) | 1.03 (0.36–2.93) | 0.96 | 1.0 (0.33–3.07) | 0.99 | |
| 41–60 | 5/585 (0.85) | 0.91 (0.26–3.19) | 0.88 | 0.86 (0.22–3.32) | 0.82 | |
| >60 |
8/702 (1.14) |
1.32 (0.48–3.62) |
0.59 |
1.69 (0.51–5.56) |
0.39 |
|
| Owning ≥1 dog | ||||||
| No | 12/2147 (0.56) | Reference | Reference | NA | ||
| Yes |
15/786 (1.53) |
4.51 (1.81–11.30) |
0.001 |
3.49 (1.50–8.14) |
0.004 |
|
| Owning any livestock§ | ||||||
| No | 19/2,706 (0.70) | Reference | Reference | NA | ||
| Yes |
8/227 (3.52) |
6.97 (2.45–19.82) |
<0.001 |
4.79 (1.69–13.57) |
0.003 |
|
| Net monthly income, Euros | ||||||
| <1,150 | 11/426 (2.58) | Reference | NA | NA | ||
| 1,151–3,050 | 9/1,539 (5.84) | 0.27 (0.05–1.47) | 0.13 | NA | NA | |
| >3,501 |
1/242 (0.41) |
0.21 (0.03–1.79) |
0.15 |
NA |
NA |
|
| Occupational exposure to any animal | ||||||
| No | 25/2794 (0.89) | Reference | NA | NA | ||
| Yes | 2/139 (1.43) | 1.72 (0.25–11.77) | 0.58 | NA | NA | |
*IFA, indirect immunofluorescence assay; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; NA, not applicable. The municipality-level random effect was significant (p = 0.001, by log-likelihood ratio test).
†Adjusted for age, sex, and clustering at municipality level (random effect).
‡Adjusted for age, sex, clustering at municipality level (random effect), and the other covariates included in the multivariable model.
§Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, poultry, and other livestock.
Page created: November 19, 2014
Page updated: November 19, 2014
Page reviewed: November 19, 2014
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