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Volume 21, Number 4—April 2015
Research

Increased Risk for Group B Streptococcus Sepsis in Young Infants Exposed to HIV, Soweto, South Africa, 2004–20081

Clare L. CutlandComments to Author , Stephanie J. Schrag, Michael C. Thigpen, Sithembiso C. Velaphi, Jeannette Wadula, Peter V. Adrian, Locadiah Kuwanda, Michelle J. Groome, Eckhart Buchmann, and Shabir A. Madhi
Author affiliations: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (C.L. Cutland, S.C. Velaphi, J. Wadula, P.V. Adrian, L. Kuwanda, M.J. Groome, E. Buchmann, S.A. Madhi); Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Johannesburg (C.L. Cutland, P.V. Adrian, L. Kuwanda, M.J. Groome, S.A. Madhi); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (S.J. Schrag, M.C. Thigpen); Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg (S.C. Velaphi, J. Wadula, E. Buchmann); National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa (S.A. Madhi)

Main Article

Table 1

Incidence of invasive group B Streptococcus sepsis in 0- to 90-day-old infants, by in utero exposure to HIV, Soweto, South Africa, 2004–2008*

HIV exposure status Overall
 Bacteremia
 Meningitis
No. cases, incidence (95% CI)† RR 
(95 % CI) No. cases, incidence (95% CI) † RR 
(95%CI) No. cases, incidence (95% CI) † RR 
(95% CI)
Early-onset disease
Proration of unknown exposure‡
Unexposed 124, 1.24 (1.03–1.48) 1.69 
(1.28–2.24) 103, 1.03 (0.84–1.25) 1.43 
(1.03–1.97) 21, 0.21 (0.13–0.32) 3.00 
(1.63–5.58)
Exposed 90, 2.10 (1.69–2.58) 63, 1.47 (1.13–1.88) 27, 0.63 (0.41–0.92)
Unknown, assume exposed
Unexposed 104, 1.04 (0.85–1.26) 2.47 
(1.87–3.26) ND ND
Exposed 110, 2.57 (2.11–3.09) ND ND
Unknown, assume unexposed
Unexposed 139, 1.39 (1.17–1.64) 1.26 
(0.94–1.68) ND ND
Exposed
 75, 1.75 (1.38–2.19)
ND
ND
Late-onset disease
Proration of unknown exposure‡
Unexposed 74, 0.74 (0.58–0.93) 3.18 
(2.34–4.36) 27, 0.27 (0.18–0.39) 3.37 
(2.01–5.73) 47, 0.47 (0.35–0.62) 3.08 
(2.07–4.60)
Exposed 101, 2.36 (1.92–2.86) 39, 0.91 (0.65–1.24) 62, 1.45 (1.11–1.85)
Unknown, assume exposed
Unexposed 62, 0.62 (0.48–0.79) 4.25 
(3.09–5.89) ND ND
Exposed 113, 2.64 (2.17–3.17) ND ND
Unknown, assume unexposed
Unexposed 89, 0.89 (0.71–1.09) 2.25 
(1.66–3.07) ND ND
Exposed
 86, 2.01 (1.61–2.48)
ND
ND
Early-onset plus late-onset disease, exposed vs. unexposed 2.25 
(1.84–2.76) 1.83 
(1.40–2.39) 3.05 
(2.20–4.25)

*RR, relative risk; ND, not done.
†Incidence = no. cases/1,000 live births.
‡Based on prevalence of HIV exposure among those tested.

Main Article

1Preliminary results from this study were presented at the 8th World Congress of the World Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, November 19–22, 2013, Cape Town, South Africa.

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