Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link

Volume 21, Number 6—June 2015

Research

Global Burden of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease, 20101

Trong T. Ao, Nicholas A. Feasey, Melita A. Gordon, Karen H. Keddy, Frederick J. Angulo, and John A. CrumpComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.T. Ao, F.J. Angulo, J.A. Crump); Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (N.A. Feasey); Malawi–Liverpool–Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi (N.A. Feasey, M.A. Gordon); University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A. Gordon); National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (K.H. Keddy); University of Otago, New Zealand (J.A. Crump)

Main Article

Figure 3

HIV and malaria burden matrix and extrapolation strategy used to create reference age-specific incidence curves for invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease. *2010 Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) HIV seroprevalence (15); †Malaria Atlas Project population at risk (PAR) estimate, defined as the proportion of the population living in an area of known Plasmodium falciparum transmission (16, 17); ‡US FoodNet (13).

Figure 3. HIV and malaria burden matrix and extrapolation strategy used to create reference age-specific incidence curves for invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease. *2010 Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) HIV seroprevalence (15); †Malaria Atlas Project population at risk (PAR) estimate, defined as the proportion of the population living in an area of known Plasmodium falciparum transmission (16, 17); ‡US FoodNet (13).

Main Article

References
  1. Majowicz  SE, Musto  J, Scallan  E, Angulo  FJ, O'Brein  SJ, Jones  TF, The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:882–9 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Murray  CJ, Rosenfeld  LC, Lim  SS, Andrews  KG, Foreman  KJ, Haring  D, Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2012;379:413–31 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Murray  CJ, Vos  T, Lozano  R, Naghavi  M, Flaxman  AD, Michaud  C, Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197–223 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Reddy  EA, Shaw  AV, Crump  JA. Community acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:417–32 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Deen  J, von Seidlein  L, Andersen  F, Elle  N, White  NJ, Lubell  Y. Community-acquired bacterial bloodstream infections in developing countries in south and southeast Asia: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:480–7 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Feasey  NA, Dougan  G, Kingsley  RA, Heyderman  RS, Gordon  MA. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. Lancet. 2012;379:2489–99 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Mtove  G, Amos  B, von Seidlein  L, Hendriksen  I, Mwambuli  A, Kimera  J, Invasive salmonellosis among children admitted to a rural Tanzania hospital and a comparison with previous studies. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e9244 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Tabu  C, Breiman  RF, Ochieng  B, Aura  B, Cosmas  L, Audi  A, Differing burden and epidemiology of non-Typhi Salmonella bacteremia in rural and urban Kenya, 2006–2009. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e31237 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Biggs  HM, Lester  R, Nadjm  B, Mtove  G, Todd  JE, Kinabo  GD, Invasive Salmonella infections in areas of high and low malaria transmission intensity in Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:638–47 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Vugia  DJ, Kiehlbauch  JA, Yeboue  K, N'Gichi  JM, Lacina  D, Maran  M, Pathogens and predictors of fatal septicemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Ivory Coast, West Africa. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:564–70 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Jacob  ST, Moore  CC, Banura  P, Pinkerton  R, Meya  D, Opendi  P, Severe sepsis in two Ugandan hospitals: a prospective observational study of management and outcomes in a predominantly HIV-1 infected population. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e7782 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Moher  D, Liberati  A, Tetzlaff  J, Altman  DG. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:264–9 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). 2013 [cited 2014 Jun 5]. http://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/
  14. Feasey  NA, Archer  BN, Heyderman  RS, Sooka  A, Dennis  B, Gordon  MA, Typhoid fever and invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis, Malawi and South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1448–51 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010. Geneva: The Programme; 2010.
  16. Hay  SI, Guerra  CA, Gething  PW, Patil  AP, Tatem  AJ, Noor  AM, A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000048 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Malaria Atlas Project. Malaria Atlas Project (MAP). 2014 [cited 2014 Jun 5]. http://www.map.ox.ac.uk
  18. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. Comprehensive tables. New York: United Nations; 2011.
  19. Berkley  JA, Lowe  BS, Mwangi  I, Williams  T, Banui  E, Mwarumba  S, Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:39–47 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Nadjm  B, Amos  B, Mtove  G, Ostermann  J, Chonya  S, Wangai  H, WHO guidelines for antimicrobial treatment in children admitted to hospital in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission: prospective study. BMJ. 2010;340:c1350 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Mtove  G, Amos  B, Nadjm  B, Hendriksen  IC, Dondorp  AM, Mwambuli  A, Decreasing incidence of severe malaria and community-acquired bacteraemia among hospitalized children in Muheza, north-eastern Tanzania, 2006–2010. Malar J. 2011;10:320 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Sigaúque  B, Roca  A, Mandomando  I, Morais  L, Quinto  L, Sacarlal  J, Community-acquired bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Mozambique. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:108–13 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Enwere  G, Biney  E, Cheung  Y-B, Zaman  SMA, Okoko  B, Oluwalana  C, Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of community-acquired invasive bacterial infections in children aged 2–29 months in the Gambia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:700–5 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Khan  MI, Ochiai  RL, von Seidlein  L, Dong  B, Bhattacharya  SK, Agtini  MD, Non-typhoidal Salmonella rates in febrile children at sites in five Asian countries. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:960–3 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Gradel  KO, Schønheyder  HC, Pedersen  L, Thomsen  RW, Nørgaard  M, Nielsen  H. Incidence and prognosis of non-typhoid Salmonella bacteraemia in Denmark: a 10-year county-based follow-up study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;25:151–8 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Laupland  KB, Schønheyder  HC, Kennedy  KJ, Lyytikäinen  O, Valiquette  L, Galbraith  J, Salmonella enterica bacteraemia: a multi-national population-based cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:95 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Chen  PL, Li  CY, Hsieh  TH, Chang  CM, Lee  HC, Lee  NY, Epidemiology, disease spectrum and economic burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Taiwan, 2006–2008. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140:2256–63 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Gordon  MA, Banda  HT, Gondwe  M, Gordon  SB, Boeree  MJ, Walsh  AL, Non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteremia among HIV-infected Malawian adults: high mortality and frequent recrudescence. AIDS. 2002;16:1633–41 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Lozano  R, Naghavi  M, Foreman  K, Lim  S, Shibuya  K, Aboyans  V, Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2095–128 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Crump  JA, Luby  SP, Mintz  ED. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:346–53 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Gordon  MA, Kankwatira  AMK, Mwafulirwa  G, Walsh  AL, Hopkins  MJ, Parry  CM, Invasive non-typhoid salmonellae establish systemic intracellular infection in HIV-infected adults: an emerging disease pathogenesis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:953–62 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Okoro  CK, Kingsley  RA, Connor  TR, Harris  SR, Parry  CM, Al-Mashhadani  MN, Intracontinental spread of human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Genet. 2012;44:1215–21 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Martin  LB. Vaccines for typhoid fever and other salmonelloses. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2012;25:489–99 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Morpeth  SC, Ramadhani  HO, Crump  JA. Invasive non-Typhi Salmonella disease in Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:606–11 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Crump  JA. Typhoid fever and the challenge of nonmalaria febrile illness in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1107–9 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Chimalizeni  Y, Kawaza  K, Molyneux  E. The epidemiology and management of non typhoidal Salmonella infections. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;659:33–46 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Kingsley  RA, Msefula  CL, Thomson  NR, Kariuki  S, Holt  KE, Gordon  MA, Epidemic multiple drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium causing invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa have a distinct genotype. Genome Res. 2009;19:2279–87 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Kariuki  S, Revathi  G, Kariuki  N, Kiiru  J, Mwituria  J, Muyodi  J, Invasive multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa: zoonotic or anthroponotic transmission? J Med Microbiol. 2006;55:585–91 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Kruger  T, Szabo  D, Keddy  KH, Deeley  K, Marsh  JW, Hujer  AM, Infections with nontyphoidal Salmonella species producing TEM-63 or a novel TEM enzyme, TEM-131, in South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:4263–70 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Wadula  J, von Gottberg  A, Kilner  D, de Jong  G, Cohen  C, Khoosal  M, Nosocomial outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella Isangi in pediatric wards. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:843–4 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

1Preliminary results from this study were presented at the 8th International Conference on Typhoid Fever and Other Invasive Salmonelloses, March 1–2, 2013, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Page created: May 15, 2015
Page updated: May 15, 2015
Page reviewed: May 15, 2015
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external