Volume 22, Number 3—March 2016
Research
Use of Transnational Services to Prevent Treatment Interruption in Tuberculosis-Infected Persons Who Leave the United States
, Deborah W. Garnick, Edward Zuroweste, Moaven Razavi, and Donald S. Shepard
Table 2
Admissions, person-years, incident tuberculosis cases, and case rates stratified by visa group and tuberculosis burden level for persons temporarily in the United States, with authorization, 2008–2012*
| Visa group† |
Admissions (%) |
PY (%) |
Tuberculosis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total no. cases (%) |
No. cases/100,000 PY (95% CI) |
No. cases/100,000 admissions (95% CI) |
|||
| Tourist and business traveler | 201,578,207 (25) | 14,431,062 (47) | 6,161 (48) | 43 (36–49) | 3 (3–4) |
| High-burden countries | 13,858,503 (2) | 1,277,466 (4) | 2,614 (20) | 205 (174–235) | 19 (16–22) |
| Medium-burden countries | 126,042,138 (15) | 10,733,970 (35) | 3,342 (26) | 31 (26–36) | 3 (2–3) |
| Low-burden countries |
61,677,566 (8) |
2,419,625 (8) |
205 (2) |
8 (7–10) |
0 |
| Student/exchange visitor‡ | 9,417,888 (1) | 6,293,260 (21) | 3,675 (28) | 58 (50–67) | 39 (33–45) |
| High-burden countries | 1,862,032 | 1,244,255 (4) | 2,040 (16) | 164 (139–189) | 110 (93–126) |
| Medium-burden countries | 4,932,913 (1) | 3,296,292 (11) | 1,516 (12) | 46 (39–53) | 31 (26–35) |
| Low-burden countries |
2,622,943 |
1,752,714 (6) |
118 (1) |
6 (5–7) |
5 (4–5) |
| Temporary worker‡ | 12,904,847 (2) | 4,948,262 (16) | 2,319 (18) | 47 (40–54) | 18 (15–21) |
| High-burden countries | 2,154,566 | 826,151 (3) | 1,604 (12) | 194 (165–223) | 74 (63–86) |
| Medium-burden countries | 5,252,984 (1) | 2,014,215 (7) | 587 (5) | 29 (25–34) | 11 (10–13) |
| Low-burden countries |
5,497,297 (1) |
2,107,895 (7) |
128 (1) |
6 (5–7) |
2 (2–3) |
| Diplomat and other representative‡ | 1,761,901 | 381,343 (1) | 243 (2) | 64 (54–73) | 14 (12–16) |
| High-burden countries | 332,182 | 71,897 | 167 (1) | 232 (198–267) | 50 (43–58) |
| Medium-burden countries | 819,393 | 177,348 (1) | 66 (1) | 37 (31–42) | 8 (7–9) |
| Low-burden countries |
610,326 |
132,098 |
10 |
8 (7–9) |
2 (1–2) |
| All other classes | 2,267,465 | 119,836 | 107 (1) | 90 (76–103) | 5 (4–5) |
| High-burden countries | 905,522 | 38,206 | 89 (1) | 232 (197–267) | 10 (8–11) |
| Medium-burden countries | 1,107,955 | 46,747 | 18 | 38 (32–44) | 2 (1–2) |
| Low-burden countries |
253,988 |
34,884 |
0.8 |
2 (2–3) |
0 |
| Unknown visa class | 1,123,438 | 90,579 | 52 | 57 (49–66) | 5 (4–5) |
| High-burden countries | 71,316 | 6,643 | 16 | 236 (200–271) | 22 (19–25) |
| Medium-burden countries | 792,676 | 73,838 | 35 | 47 (40–54) | 4 (4–5) |
| Low-burden countries |
259,446 |
10,098 |
2 |
17 (14–20) |
1 (1–1) |
| Canada and Mexico nonimmigrant without I-94 card |
592,645,430 (72) |
4,266,235 (14) |
371 (3) |
9 (7–10) |
0 |
| Total |
821,699,176 |
30,530,577 |
12,928 |
NA |
NA |
| Annual average | 164,339,835 | 6,106,115 | 2,586 | NA | NA |
*I-94 card, the entry/exit form that all nonimmigrant visitors (except certain ones from Mexico and Canada) must fill out; NA, not applicable; PY, person-years. US, United States.
†High-burden countries were defined as having >100 TB incident cases/100,000 PY; medium-burden countries were defined as having 15–99 cases/100,000 PY, and low-burden countries were defined as having 0–14 cases/100,000 PY.
‡Corresponding spouses and children are also included in each of these categories; see Technical Appendix Table 1 for full list of visas included in each subgroup.
1Preliminary results from this study were presented at the joint The Union–North America Region and the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association meeting, February 24–27, 2016, Denver, Colorado, USA.