In September 2013, tracheobronchial aspiration and blood cultures positive for B. cereus were obtained from 2 premature newborns hospitalized in the same intensive care unit. An unfavorable outcome led to the infants’ deaths despite an appropriate treatment with wide-spectrum antibiotic drugs.

The first premature infant was female, born at 27 weeks and 2 days of gestation, and weighed 880 g. An emergency cesarean delivery was performed because of the mother’s preeclampsia. The Apgar score at birth was 1-2-10, with bagging ventilation and intubation at 5 min after birth. No evidence of maternal–fetal transmission of infection was retrieved. On day 4, signs of infection were noted in the newborn, including respiratory distress, tachycardia, and a gray skin complexion. Investigations revealed elevated inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein level 88 mg/L). Empirical intravenous antimicrobial drug therapy (cefotaxime, gentamicin, and vancomycin) was started.

Tracheobronchial aspiration was performed and, a sample grew 10⁶ CFU/mL of B. cereus identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MicroFlex LT; Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA) (log score value of 2.07 matching with B. cereus reference strain DSM 31T, MALDI Biotyper v2.3). The blood culture remained sterile after 14 days. During her stay, the neonate had refractory hypoxemia due to a diffuse pulmonary lung parenchymal necrosis that required high-frequency ventilation and continuous thoracic drain. Despite an appropriate antimicrobial drug treatment (15 days of vancomycin followed by fluoroquinolone), the neonate had chronic hypoxemia and died at 26 days of age.

The second premature neonate, born 2 days after the first, was male, born at 29 weeks and 4 days of gestation, and weighed 1,480 g. A cesarean section was performed to enable the mother to start chemotherapy for a maternal malignancy, diagnosed at 26 weeks of gestation. The Apgar score at birth was 10. Physical examination indicated no sign of maternal or neonatal infection. On day 4, signs of infection were observed in the newborn, along with respiratory distress. The infant was reintubated, and antimicrobial drug therapy (cefotaxime, gentamicin, and vancomycin) was started.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Standard echography cranial ultrasound of premature infant with Bacillus cereus sepsis, Nice, France, 2013. A) Left sagittal section showing large hemorrhagic hyperechogenic area of white material (white arrow). B) Frontal section...

Blood cultures were positive after 9 hours, and subcultures grew with B. cereus (log score 2.02). Catheter cultures were positive and grew 10⁶ CFU/mL of B. cereus (log score 2.1). On day 5, despite appropriate care and sepsis control, the newborn showed severe neurologic impairment. Control cranial ultrasound revealed brain empyema, cerebral necrosis, and cranial hemorrhages (Figure 1). An unfavorable outcome led to the patient’s death at 8 days of age from multiple organ failure and cerebral abscesses.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Genetic and virulence analyses of Bacillus spp. strains isolated from 2 preterm neonates with B. cereus infection and environmental sampling from intensive care unit, Nice, France, 2013. A) Molecular typing...

The hospital’s infection control team looked for environmental reservoirs as potential sources of contamination of the 2 newborns. Therefore, ventilation equipment, balloons used in manual ventilation, intravenous umbilical catheters, ultrasonic probes, linens (including towels and bedsheets), breast milk, and freeze-dried breast milk were collected and sent for microbiological analysis (Table 1). B. cereus cultures were positive for 5 environmental samples, including the surface of the incubator used for the first newborn (3 samples), ultrasonic probes (5 samples), and a bench surface used for bottle-feeding (5 samples). We compared all B. cereus strains, including those isolated from the 2 newborns, by using M13-PCR methods (5). This analysis revealed that the patients were infected by 2 different strains and that the environmental strains were different from strains isolated from patients. These data excluded a clonal transmission between the 2 patients and the hypothesis of a nosocomial outbreak caused by an emerging virulent strain (Figure 2, panel A). Nevertheless, a common source of infection for the 2 newborns by polyclonal strains cannot be excluded.

We screened the isolated strains for B. cereus main virulence factor genes hemolysin BL, nonhemolytic enterotoxin, cytotoxin K, and hemolysin II (Table 2) by using PCR and toxin production assay methods (6–9). Both patient and environmental isolates produced toxins. We further assessed the virulence potential using an in vivo model of Drosophila melanogaster infection. To validate the capacity of this model to detect the virulence of various bacterial strains, we first infected wild-type flies with Escherichia coli CIP 102181, Staphylococcus aureus CIP 110856, and B. cereus CIP 66.24T. We grew bacteria in Luria-Bertani broth overnight at 37°C and subcultured them up to an optical density of 0.8 at 600 nm. We dipped a tungsten needle into an equal volume of bacterial suspension or phosphate-buffered saline (control) and used it to prick 20–30 adult male flies (10). All flies infected with S. aureus and B. cereus died after 20 and 12 hours, respectively. Flies infected with E. coli displayed a survival rate similar to that of control flies, enabling us to validate D. melanogaster as a model for evaluating the strains’ virulence potential (Figure 2, panel B).

We used the same protocol to compare all B. cereus strains. We found no statistical difference in survival between flies infected with the different B. cereus strains, including B. cereus CIP 66.24T (Figure 2, panel C). These data correlate with the absence of a specific virulence signature for those strains (Table 2).

Considering the fatal outcome of the 2 infections despite appropriate antimicrobial drug therapy, we addressed the question of a high virulence potential of the patients’ B. cereus strains by testing for the presence of virulence factor genes and expression levels. We found a similar virulence factor profile in the patients and in the environmental strains. This profile suggested that the outcome of the infection was probably not linked to the virulence potential of the strains.

We then used D. melanogaster as an infection model. We chose this model because flies rely only on innate immunity to survive infections, similar to preterm newborns, who have immature immune systems. We found that all isolated B. cereus strains (patient and environmental strains) displayed a similar killing potential, suggesting that the fatal outcome in both newborns was due not to the emergence of a hypervirulent strain but rather to a similar pathogenic potential for all B. cereus strains toward at-risk patients.

Given that B. cereus is ubiquitous in the environment and potentially fatal in preterm neonates, it appears critical to determine how these 2 neonates were infected and why they died, as well as why other preterm neonates hospitalized concurrently in the same room of the intensive care unit remained uninfected. Further investigations would be necessary to determine whether the deaths were a consequence of an innate immune defect, a high bacterial load at time of contamination, or a combination of both parameters.

Our study, along with previous ones (3,4,11–13), reinforces the idea that B. cereus is an underestimated emerging pathogen that can be involved in fatal healthcare-associated infections in premature newborns. Our results indicate that all B. cereus strains display potentially pathogenic properties toward at-risk patients. Considering that B. cereus is ubiquitous in the environment, it is essential to emphasize the necessity of strict hygiene measures and protocols to prevent bacterial transmission. Evaluating an immune response capacity in at-risk patients must be considered to avoid a fatal outcome from B. cereus infection.