Volume 24, Number 2—February 2018
Research
Role of Environmental Factors in Shaping Spatial Distribution of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi, Fiji
Table 1
Association between environmental factors and typhoid fever seropositivity by univariable multilevel mixed-effects logistic analysis, Fiji*
Environmental variable | No. | Variable type | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Survey data | ||||
Is there a stream nearby? | 1,508 | Binary | 1.09 (0.82–1.46) | 0.528 |
No (0) | 616 | |||
Yes (1) | 892 | |||
No. times house has flooded in past 3 y | 1,483 | Categorical | ||
0 | 1,380 | 1.00 (referent) | NA | |
1–2 | 97 | 0.87 (0.52–1.47) | 0.604 | |
3–5 | 6 | 0.89 (0.15–5.13) | 0.897 | |
No. times land has flooded in past 3 y | 1,496 | Categorical | ||
0 | 1,264 | 1.00 (referent) | NA | |
1–2 | 174 | 1.13 (0.77–1.66) | 0.534 | |
3–5 | 58 | 1.21 (0.66–2.22) | 0.542 | |
Work location† | 1,359 | Categorical | ||
Indoors | 636 | 1.00 (referent) | NA | |
Outdoors | 267 | 1.59 (1.15–2.19) | 0.005‡ | |
Both | 456 | 1.22 (0.93–1.60) | 0.160 | |
Urbanization† | 1,510 | Categorical | ||
Urban | 500 | 1.00 (referent) | NA | |
Periurban | 247 | 0.61 (0.37–1.01) | 0.054 | |
Rural |
763 |
1.27 (0.89–1.81) |
0.185 |
|
Geospatial data | ||||
Elevation, by quintiles | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 0.793 |
Slope, by quintiles | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) | 0.519 |
Temperature, by quintiles | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.398 |
Annual rainfall, by quintiles† | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 1.13 (1.01–1.28) | 0.039‡ |
Rainfall in wettest month, by quintiles | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) | 0.020‡ |
Rainfall during cyclone season, by quintiles | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) | 0.029‡ |
Distance to major rivers, by quintiles | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 0.255 |
Distance to major rivers and major creeks, km† | 1,462 | Continuous | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.081 |
Distance to major rivers and major and minor creeks, by quintiles | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.439 |
Distance to poorly drained soils (major and secondary flood plains), by quintiles | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.275 |
Distance to poorly drained soils (major flood plains only), by quintiles | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 1.00 (0.87–1.17) | 0.949 |
Distance from modeled flood-risk area, by quintiles† | 1,462 | Ordered, categorical | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) | 0.134 |
*NA, not applicable.
†Variables included in the multivariable multilevel analysis.
‡Variables strongly associated with typhoid fever seroimmune status by univariable analysis (p<0.05).