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Volume 24, Number 2—February 2018
Research

Role of Environmental Factors in Shaping Spatial Distribution of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi, Fiji

Ruklanthi de AlwisComments to Author , Conall Watson, Birgit Nikolay, John H. Lowry, Nga Tran Vu Thieu, Tan Trinh Van, Dung Tran Thi Ngoc, Kitione Rawalai, Mere Taufa, Jerimaia Coriakula, Colleen L. Lau, Eric J. Nilles, W. John Edmunds, Mike Kama, Stephen Baker, and Jorge Cano
Author affiliations: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (R. de Alwis, C. Watson, B. Nikolay, W.J. Edmunds, J. Cano); Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (R. de Alwis, N.T.V. Thieu, T.T. Van, D.T.T. Ngoc, S. Baker); Oxford University, Oxford, UK (R. de Alwis, S. Baker); University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji (J.H. Lowry); Project Heaven, Suva (K. Rawalai); Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva (M. Taufa, M. Kama); Fiji National University, Suva (J. Coriakula); Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia (C.L. Lau); World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, Suva (E.J. Nilles); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (E.J. Nilles); Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.J. Nilles)

Main Article

Table 1

Association between environmental factors and typhoid fever seropositivity by univariable multilevel mixed-effects logistic analysis, Fiji*

Environmental variable No. Variable type Odds ratio (95% CI) p value
Survey data
Is there a stream nearby? 1,508 Binary 1.09 (0.82–1.46) 0.528
No (0) 616
Yes (1) 892
No. times house has flooded in past 3 y 1,483 Categorical
0 1,380 1.00 (referent) NA
1–2 97 0.87 (0.52–1.47) 0.604
3–5 6 0.89 (0.15–5.13) 0.897
No. times land has flooded in past 3 y 1,496 Categorical
0 1,264 1.00 (referent) NA
1–2 174 1.13 (0.77–1.66) 0.534
3–5 58 1.21 (0.66–2.22) 0.542
Work location† 1,359 Categorical
Indoors 636 1.00 (referent) NA
Outdoors 267 1.59 (1.15–2.19) 0.005‡
Both 456 1.22 (0.93–1.60) 0.160
Urbanization† 1,510 Categorical
Urban 500 1.00 (referent) NA
Periurban 247 0.61 (0.37–1.01) 0.054
Rural
763

1.27 (0.89–1.81)
0.185
Geospatial data
Elevation, by quintiles 1,462 Ordered, categorical 1.02 (0.90–1.15) 0.793
Slope, by quintiles 1,462 Ordered, categorical 1.04 (0.93–1.15) 0.519
Temperature, by quintiles 1,462 Ordered, categorical 0.95 (0.84–1.07) 0.398
Annual rainfall, by quintiles† 1,462 Ordered, categorical 1.13 (1.01–1.28) 0.039‡
Rainfall in wettest month, by quintiles 1,462 Ordered, categorical 1.15 (1.02–1.30) 0.020‡
Rainfall during cyclone season, by quintiles 1,462 Ordered, categorical 1.14 (1.01–1.29) 0.029‡
Distance to major rivers, by quintiles 1,462 Ordered, categorical 1.07 (0.95–1.20) 0.255
Distance to major rivers and major creeks, km† 1,462 Continuous 0.99 (0.99–1.00) 0.081
Distance to major rivers and major and minor creeks, by 
quintiles 1,462 Ordered, categorical 0.96 (0.86–1.07) 0.439
Distance to poorly drained soils (major and secondary flood 
plains), by quintiles 1,462 Ordered, categorical 0.92 (0.80–1.06) 0.275
Distance to poorly drained soils (major flood plains only), by 
quintiles 1,462 Ordered, categorical 1.00 (0.87–1.17) 0.949
Distance from modeled flood-risk area, by quintiles† 1,462 Ordered, categorical 0.90 (0.78–1.03) 0.134

*NA, not applicable.
†Variables included in the multivariable multilevel analysis.
‡Variables strongly associated with typhoid fever seroimmune status by univariable analysis (p<0.05).

Main Article

Page created: January 17, 2018
Page updated: January 17, 2018
Page reviewed: January 17, 2018
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