Table 1

Role of Environmental Factors in Shaping Spatial Distribution of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi, Fiji

Ruklanthi de Alwis

, Conall Watson, Birgit Nikolay, John H. Lowry, Nga Tran Vu Thieu, Tan Trinh Van, Dung Tran Thi Ngoc, Kitione Rawalai, Mere Taufa, Jerimaia Coriakula, Colleen L. Lau, Eric J. Nilles, W. John Edmunds, Mike Kama, Stephen Baker, and Jorge Cano

Author affiliations: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (R. de Alwis, C. Watson, B. Nikolay, W.J. Edmunds, J. Cano); Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (R. de Alwis, N.T.V. Thieu, T.T. Van, D.T.T. Ngoc, S. Baker); Oxford University, Oxford, UK (R. de Alwis, S. Baker); University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji (J.H. Lowry); Project Heaven, Suva (K. Rawalai); Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva (M. Taufa, M. Kama); Fiji National University, Suva (J. Coriakula); Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia (C.L. Lau); World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, Suva (E.J. Nilles); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (E.J. Nilles); Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.J. Nilles)

Main Article

Association between environmental factors and typhoid fever seropositivity by univariable multilevel mixed-effects logistic analysis, Fiji*

Environmental variable	No.	Variable type	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p value
Survey data
Is there a stream nearby?	1,508	Binary	1.09 (0.82–1.46)	0.528
No (0)	616
Yes (1)	892
No. times house has flooded in past 3 y	1,483	Categorical
0	1,380		1.00 (referent)	NA
1–2	97		0.87 (0.52–1.47)	0.604
3–5	6		0.89 (0.15–5.13)	0.897
No. times land has flooded in past 3 y	1,496	Categorical
0	1,264		1.00 (referent)	NA
1–2	174		1.13 (0.77–1.66)	0.534
3–5	58		1.21 (0.66–2.22)	0.542
Work location†	1,359	Categorical
Indoors	636		1.00 (referent)	NA
Outdoors	267		1.59 (1.15–2.19)	0.005‡
Both	456		1.22 (0.93–1.60)	0.160
Urbanization†	1,510	Categorical
Urban	500		1.00 (referent)	NA
Periurban	247		0.61 (0.37–1.01)	0.054
Rural	763		1.27 (0.89–1.81)	0.185
Geospatial data
Elevation, by quintiles	1,462	Ordered, categorical	1.02 (0.90–1.15)	0.793
Slope, by quintiles	1,462	Ordered, categorical	1.04 (0.93–1.15)	0.519
Temperature, by quintiles	1,462	Ordered, categorical	0.95 (0.84–1.07)	0.398
Annual rainfall, by quintiles†	1,462	Ordered, categorical	1.13 (1.01–1.28)	0.039‡
Rainfall in wettest month, by quintiles	1,462	Ordered, categorical	1.15 (1.02–1.30)	0.020‡
Rainfall during cyclone season, by quintiles	1,462	Ordered, categorical	1.14 (1.01–1.29)	0.029‡
Distance to major rivers, by quintiles	1,462	Ordered, categorical	1.07 (0.95–1.20)	0.255
Distance to major rivers and major creeks, km†	1,462	Continuous	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	0.081
Distance to major rivers and major and minor creeks, by  quintiles	1,462	Ordered, categorical	0.96 (0.86–1.07)	0.439
Distance to poorly drained soils (major and secondary flood  plains), by quintiles	1,462	Ordered, categorical	0.92 (0.80–1.06)	0.275
Distance to poorly drained soils (major flood plains only), by  quintiles	1,462	Ordered, categorical	1.00 (0.87–1.17)	0.949
Distance from modeled flood-risk area, by quintiles†	1,462	Ordered, categorical	0.90 (0.78–1.03)	0.134

*NA, not applicable.
†Variables included in the multivariable multilevel analysis.
‡Variables strongly associated with typhoid fever seroimmune status by univariable analysis (p<0.05).

Main Article

Page created: January 17, 2018

Page updated: January 17, 2018

Page reviewed: January 17, 2018

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