Volume 24, Number 3—March 2018
Another Dimension
Tuberculosis—the Face of Struggles, the Struggles We Face, and the Dreams That Lie Within
Tuberculosis disease, or phthisis (ϕθίσις, the Greek word for consumption), was named by the father of allopathic medicine, Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BCE), because the disease appeared to consume the affected person through substantial weight loss and wasting (1). Hippocrates warned his students against treating persons in late stages of tuberculosis, because nearly all of their patients would die, which would likely tarnish their reputations as healers (2).
Today, >10 million persons become ill with tuberculosis, and 2 million die from the disease each year (3). India accounts for the largest number of persons with tuberculosis and tuberculosis-related deaths in the world. In 2016, 1.9 million tuberculosis cases were reported to the Revised National Tuberculosis Programme of India (3). An additional 1.2–5.3 million patients were estimated to have received treatment for the disease in the private sector of India but remained unrecognized by the global surveillance system (4). Many millions of future case-patients will emerge from the huge reservoir of an estimated 354 million persons currently infected with tuberculosis in India (5).
India has a large burden of poverty and malnutrition among both adults and children. Malnutrition has wide-ranging effects on health, including increased susceptibility to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (6). In 2016, malnutrition was the leading risk factor for 14.6% of the total disability-adjusted life-years for all-cause illness and death in India (7). More than half of all cases of active tuberculosis among women (55%, 95% CI 27%–76%) and men (54%, 95% CI 26%–75%) in India are attributable to susceptibility caused by malnutrition (8).
Figure
Figure. What Dreams Lie Within by Stefan Prakash Eicher. Oil on canvas, 2009.
Having been inspired by the faces behind tuberculosis, the artist Stefan Prakash Eicher (http://www.stefaneicher.com/), born in Maharashtra, India, captures the essence of the term “consumption” through his portrait of an emaciated and wasting man rescued from the streets of New Delhi. In What Dreams Lie Within (Figure), dark tones represent muscle atrophy recessed against a bony torso and sunken cheeks to highlight the debilitating cost of advanced stages of tuberculosis, partly due to catabolic losses by a cachetin-induced mechanism (a macrophage-secreted cytokine) (9) and malnutrition (10). Billowing clouds and a blue sky of hope within his eyes subtly support the struggle of survival found within the intensity of his furrowed brow.
Each year on March 24, we commemorate World TB Day (https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/page/world-tb-day) in honor of the day Robert Koch announced at the University of Berlin Institute of Hygiene that he discovered the cause of consumption, the tuberculosis bacillus. World TB Day is a time to remember the millions of faces of persons who suffer from tuberculosis, to reflect on struggles we face as public health practitioners to end the epidemic, and to find hope in the eyes of the patients we treat and in the dreams that lie within our surviving patients searching for a better tomorrow.
Dr. Moonan is a senior epidemiologist in the Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and has provided technical support to the Revised National Tuberculosis Programme of India for nearly a decade. His public health interests include tuberculosis transmission, operational research, and strengthening national tuberculosis programs to better manage drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.
References
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- Finer KR. Tuberculosis. New York: Chelsea House for Infobase Publishing; 2003.
- World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report, 2017. Geneva: The Organization 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 1]. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/
- Arinaminpathy N, Batra D, Khaparde S, Vualnam T, Maheshwari N, Sharma L, et al. The number of privately treated tuberculosis cases in India: an estimation from drug sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:1255–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Houben RM, Dodd PJ. The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1002152. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schaible UE, Kaufmann SH. Malnutrition and infection: complex mechanisms and global impacts. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e115. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dandona L, Dandona R, Kumar GA, Shukla DK, Paul VK, Balakrishnan K, et al.; India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Collaborators. Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990-2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2017;390:2437–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bhargava A, Benedetti A, Oxlade O, Pai M, Menzies D. Undernutrition and the incidence of tuberculosis in India: national and subnational estimates of the population-attributable fraction related to undernutrition. Natl Med J India. 2014;27:128–33.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Friedland JS. Cytokines, phagocytosis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1993;12:127–33.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cegielski JP, McMurray DN. The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:286–98.PubMedGoogle Scholar
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Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:
Patrick K. Moonan, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E4, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
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