Volume 24, Number 3—March 2018
Synopsis
Coccidioidomycosis Outbreaks, United States and Worldwide, 1940–2015
Michael Freedman, Brendan R. Jackson, Orion McCotter, and Kaitlin Benedict
Table 1
Characteristics of published coccidioidomycosis outbreaks and outbreak-associated cases, United States and worldwide, 1940–2015
| Outbreak characteristic |
Outbreaks, no. (%), N = 47 | Cases, N = 1,464 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total no. (%) |
Median (min–max)* |
||
| Environmental† | 40 (85) | 1,425 (97) | 10 (2–379) |
| Probable source of exposure reported‡ | 35 (88) | 1,218 (85) | 10 (2–379) |
| Associated with large natural phenomena | 2 (4) | 582 (40) | 291 (203–379) |
| Revealed new, or confirmed suspected, endemic area§ |
16 (43) |
||
| Occupational | 25 (53) | 616 (42) | 10 (2–150) |
| Military | 11 (23) | 442 (30) | 14 (8–150) |
| Archaeology/field studies | 7 (15) | 82 (6) | 10 (5–27) |
| Laboratory | 4 (9) | 28 (2) | 5.5 (2–5) |
| Construction¶ |
7 (15) |
247 (17) |
21 (8–119) |
| Other activity | |||
| Armadillo hunting in northern Brazil | 5 (11) | 14 (1) | 3 (2–4) |
| Native American site disruption |
2 (4) |
6 (<1) |
3 (2–4) |
| Location | |||
| Travel-associated | 21 (45) | 566 (39) | 12 (5–150) |
| Residential | 8 (17) | 625 (43) | 9 (2–379) |
| Incarceration | 5 (11) | 316 (22) | 30 (7–150) |
*Max, maximum; min, minimum.
†That is, not laboratory- or healthcare-associated.
‡Of 40 environmental outbreaks with 1,425 outbreak-associated cases.
§Of 37 environmental outbreaks for which this information was available.
¶Three outbreaks associated with construction were not considered occupational outbreaks, including 2 associated with construction by volunteers in Mexico and 1 associated with construction adjacent to a prison in California’s Central Valley.
Page created: February 15, 2018
Page updated: February 15, 2018
Page reviewed: February 15, 2018
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