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Volume 24, Number 3—March 2018
Synopsis

Coccidioidomycosis Outbreaks, United States and Worldwide, 1940–2015

Michael Freedman, Brendan R. Jackson, Orion McCotter, and Kaitlin BenedictComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (M. Freedman); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (B.R. Jackson, O. McCotter, K. Benedict)

Main Article

Table 1

Characteristics of published coccidioidomycosis outbreaks and outbreak-associated cases, United States and worldwide, 1940–2015

Outbreak characteristic
Outbreaks, no. (%), N = 47 Cases, N = 1,464
Total no. (%)
Median (min–max)*
Environmental† 40 (85) 1,425 (97) 10 (2–379)
Probable source of exposure reported‡ 35 (88) 1,218 (85) 10 (2–379)
Associated with large natural phenomena 2 (4) 582 (40) 291 (203–379)
Revealed new, or confirmed suspected, endemic area§
16 (43)


Occupational 25 (53) 616 (42) 10 (2–150)
Military 11 (23) 442 (30) 14 (8–150)
Archaeology/field studies 7 (15) 82 (6) 10 (5–27)
Laboratory 4 (9) 28 (2) 5.5 (2–5)
Construction¶
7 (15)
247 (17)
21 (8–119)
Other activity
Armadillo hunting in northern Brazil 5 (11) 14 (1) 3 (2–4)
Native American site disruption
2 (4)
6 (<1)
3 (2–4)
Location
Travel-associated 21 (45) 566 (39) 12 (5–150)
Residential 8 (17) 625 (43) 9 (2–379)
Incarceration 5 (11) 316 (22) 30 (7–150)

*Max, maximum; min, minimum.
†That is, not laboratory- or healthcare-associated.
‡Of 40 environmental outbreaks with 1,425 outbreak-associated cases.
§Of 37 environmental outbreaks for which this information was available.
¶Three outbreaks associated with construction were not considered occupational outbreaks, including 2 associated with construction by volunteers in Mexico and 1 associated with construction adjacent to a prison in California’s Central Valley.

Main Article

Page created: February 15, 2018
Page updated: February 15, 2018
Page reviewed: February 15, 2018
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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