Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018
Research
Poverty and Community-Acquired Antimicrobial Resistance with Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Organisms, Hyderabad, India
, Nagamani Kammili, Jyothi Lakshmi, Anlu Xing, Afia Khan, Manisha Rani, Prasanthi Kolli, David A. Relman, and Douglas K. Owens
Table 1
Unadjusted relationship between significant bacteriuria and sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental characteristics for pregnant women in Hyderabad, India*
| Characteristic |
All respondents,
N = 1,836 |
>105 CFU/mL bacteria in urine, n = 126 |
No bacteria in urine, n = 1,710 |
p value |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Mean age, y (SD) | 21.81 (2.95) | 22.05 (3.02) | 21.79 (2.94) | 0.35 |
| Mean age at marriage, y (SD) | 20.31 (2.87) | 20.29 (3.22) | 20.31 (2.84) | 0.93 |
| Low income, no. (%)† | 932 (50.8) | 75 (60.0) | 857 (50.2) | 0.04 |
| Less than secondary education, no. (%)‡ | 322 (17.5) | 23 (18.4) | 299 (17.5) | 0.81 |
| Hindu, no. (%)§ |
1,228 (66.9) |
72 (57.6) |
1,156 (67.8) |
0.02 |
| Clinical characteristics, no. (%) | ||||
| Anemia | 631 (33.6) | 48 (38.4) | 583 (34.2) | 0.38 |
| Low weight of mother | 862 (46.5) | 61 (48.8) | 801 (47.0) | 0.78 |
| Previous abortion | 288 (15.6) | 18 (14.4) | 270 (15.8) | 0.80 |
| Previous hospitalization¶ | 159 (8.7) | 13 (10.4) | 146 (8.6) | 0.51 |
| Tablet during last 30 days# | 47 (2.6) | 5 (4.0) | 42 (2.5) | 0.25 |
| Dysuria** | 220 (12.0) | 16 (12.8) | 204 (12.0) | 0.78 |
| Fever |
84 (4.6) |
5 (4.0) |
79 (4.6) |
1.00 |
| Environmental and hygiene-related characteristics, no. (%) | ||||
| Household does not treat water | 1,339 (72.9) | 93 (74.4) | 1,246 (73.0) | 0.92 |
| Household sewage not piped | 90 (4.9) | 8 (6.4) | 82 (4.8) | 0.39 |
| Respondent strictly vegetarian | 142 (7.7) | 8 (6.4) | 134 (7.9) | 0.73 |
| Handwashing <5 times/d | 345 (18.8) | 26 (20.8) | 319 (18.7) | 0.64 |
*Bold indicates statistical significance. p values were derived from t-test (for mean age variables) or χ2 test (for categorical variables). CFU, colony-forming units.
†Income is total household income in previous 30 d; low income is an indicator variable for below the 50th percentile of income.
‡Less than secondary education is an indicator variable for whether the participant reported no schooling or primary-only schooling.
§Hindu is an indicator variable for Hindu religion.
¶Hospitalization in the previous 12 mo.
#Tablet means any tablet other than a vitamin taken by the respondent in the 30 d before interview. We used the term “tablet” because “antimicrobial” was unclear for many respondents.
**For dysuria, an answer of “don't know” was coded as 0 (no).