Volume 25, Number 8—August 2019
Research
Direct Medical Costs of 3 Reportable Travel-Related Infections in Ontario, Canada, 2012–2014
Rachel D. Savage
, Laura C. Rosella, Natasha S. Crowcroft, Maureen Horn, Kamran Khan, Laura Holder, and Monali Varia
, Laura C. Rosella, Natasha S. Crowcroft, Maureen Horn, Kamran Khan, Laura Holder, and Monali Varia
Table 3
Characteristics of case-patients and matched controls in study of direct costs of hepatitis A, malaria, and enteric fever, by disease, Peel region, Ontario, Canada, 2012–2014*
| Variable | Hepatitis A |
Malaria |
Enteric fever |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case-patients, n = 55 | Controls, n = 110 | d | Case-patients, n = 122 | Controls, n = 244 | d | Case-patients, n = 141 | Controls, n = 282 | d | |||
| Age, y | |||||||||||
| Median ± IQR | 24 ± 21 | 24 ± 21 | 0 | 40 ± 19 | 40 ± 19 | 0.001 | 26 ± 19 | 26 ± 19 | 0.002 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 19 (10–32) | 19 (10–32) | 0.003 | 43 (27–55) | 43 (27–55) | 0.002 | 25 (10–40) | 25 (9–40) | 0.001 | ||
| 0–9 | 13 (23.6) | 23 (23.6) | 0 | 10 (8.2) | 20 (8.2) | 0 | 34 (24.1) | 71 (25.1) | 0.025 | ||
| 10–14 | 7 (12.7) | 14 (12.7) | 0 | 7 (5.7) | 14 (5.7) | 0 | 19 (13.5) | 35 (12.4) | 0.032 | ||
| 15–24 | 17 (30.9) | 34 (30.9) | 0 | 10 (8.2) | 20 (8.2) | 0 | 16 (11.3) | 31 (11.0) | 0.011 | ||
| 25–49 | 12 (21.8) | 24 (21.8) | 0 | 54 (44.3) | 107 (43.9) | 0.008 | 54 (38.3) | 109 (38.7) | 0.007 | ||
| >50 |
6 (11.0) |
12 (11.0) |
0 |
41 (33.6) |
83 (34.0) |
0.008 |
18 (12.8) |
36 (12.8) |
0 |
||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| F | 27 (49.1) | 54 (49.1) | 0 | 37 (30.3) | 78 (32.0) | 0.035 | 59 (41.8) | 120 (42.6) | 0.014 | ||
| M |
28 (50.9) |
56 (50.9) |
0 |
85 (69.7) |
166 (68.0) |
0.035 |
82 (58.2) |
162 (57.4) |
0.014 |
||
| Income quintile | |||||||||||
| 1, lowest | 9 (16.4) | 15 (13.6) | 0.076 | 36 (29.5) | 68 (27.9) | 0.036 | 25 (17.7) | 50 (17.7) | 0 | ||
| 2 | 6 (10.9) | 10 (9.1) | 0.061 | 39 (32.0) | 77 (31.6) | 0.009 | 43 (30.5) | 82 (29.1) | 0.031 | ||
| 3 | 17 (30.9) | 36 (32.7) | 0.039 | 20–25 (S) | 56 (23.0) | 0.060 | 52 (36.9) | 111 (39.4) | 0.051 | ||
| 4 and 5, highest | 23 (41.8) | 49 (44.5) | 0.055 | 20–25 (S) | 43 (17.6) | 0.033 | 15–20 (S) | 39 (13.8) | 0.010 | ||
| Missing |
0 |
0 |
0 |
<6 (S) |
0 |
0.183 |
<6 (S) |
0 |
0.170 |
||
| Foreign-born |
30 (54.5) |
58 (52.7) |
0.036 |
101 (82.8) |
200 (82.0) |
0.022 |
96 (68.1) |
191 (67.7) |
0.008 |
||
| Years in Canada, no./total (%) | |||||||||||
| 0–4 | 6/30 (20.0) | 10/58 (17.2) | 0.071 | 29/101 (28.7) | 63/200 (31.5) | 0.061 | 23/96 (24.0) | 40/191 (20.9) | 0.072 | ||
| 5–9 | 10/30 (33.3) | 20/58 (34.5) | 0.024 | 21/101 (20.8) | 40/200 (20.0) | 0.020 | 25/96 (26.0) | 54/191 (28.3) | 0.050 | ||
| >10 |
14/30
(46.7) |
28/58 (48.3) |
0.032 |
51/101 (50.5) |
97/200 (48.5) |
0.040 |
48/96 (50.0) |
97/191 (50.8) |
0.016 |
||
| Concurrent medical conditions† | |||||||||||
| 1 | 43 (78.2) | 84 (76.4) | 0.043 | 84 (68.9) | 166 (68.0) | 0.018 | 113 (80.1) | 225 (79.8) | 0.009 | ||
| 2 | 37 (67.3) | 75 (68.2) | 0.019 | 78 (63.9) | 161 (66.0) | 0.043 | 95 (67.4) | 184 (65.2) | 0.045 | ||
| 3 | 32 (58.2) | 68 (61.8) | 0.074 | 59 (48.4) | 118 (48.4) | 0 | 87 (61.7) | 173 (61.3) | 0.007 | ||
| 4 | <6 (S) | 6 (5.5) | 0 | 7 (5.7) | 17 (7.0) | 0.050 | 18 (12.8) | 36 (12.8) | 0 | ||
| 5 and 9 | 11 (20.0) | 19 (17.3) | 0.070 | 25 (20.5) | 56 (23.0) | 0.060 | 24 (17.0) | 43 (15.2) | 0.048 | ||
| 6 and 7 | 13 (23.6) | 25 (22.7) | 0.022 | 49 (40.2) | 98 (40.2) | 0 | 50 (35.5) | 99 (35.1) | 0.007 | ||
| 8 | <6 (S) | <6 (S) | 0 | <6 (S) | 9 (3.7) | 0.022 | 7 (5.0) | 12 (4.3) | 0.034 | ||
| 10 | 12 (21.8) | 26 (23.6) | 0.043 | 24 (19.7) | 44 (18.0) | 0.042 | 27 (19.1) | 57 (20.2) | 0.027 | ||
| 11 | 23 (41.8) | 42 (38.2) | 0.074 | 37 (30.3) | 69 (28.3) | 0.045 | 59 (41.8) | 105 (37.2) | 0.094 | ||
| 12 | <6 (S) | <6 (S) | 0 | <6 (S) | 12 (4.9) | 0.040 | <6 (S) | 8 (2.8) | 0.040 | ||
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. d, standardized difference; IQR, interquartile range; S, suppressed per ICES reidentification risk assessment policy.
†Listed by John Hopkins collapsed Aggregated Diagnostic Group: 1 (acute minor), 2 (acute major), 3 (likely to recur), 4 (asthma), 5 and 9 (chronic unstable), 6 and 7 (chronic stable), 8 (eye and dental), 10 (psychosocial), 11 (preventive and administrative), and 12 (pregnancy).
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