Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 26, Number 10—October 2020
Dispatch

Drug Resistance Spread in 6 Metropolitan Regions, Germany, 2001–20181

Melanie Stecher2Comments to Author , Antoine Chaillon2, Christoph Stephan, Elena Knops, Niko Kohmer, Clara Lehmann, Josef Eberle, Johannes Bogner, Christoph D. Spinner, Anna Maria Eis-Hübinger, Jan-Christian Wasmuth, Guido Schäfer, Georg Behrens, Sanjay R. Mehta, Jörg Janne Vehreschild, and Martin HoeniglComments to Author 
Author affiliations: University of Cologne Faculty of Medicine, Cologne, Germany (M. Stecher, C. Lehmann, J.J. Vehreschild); University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne (M. Stecher, E. Knops, C. Lehmann, J.J. Vehreschild); German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Cologne, Cologne (M. Stecher, C. Lehmann, J.J. Vehreschild); University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA (A. Chaillon, S.R. Mehta, M. Hoenigl); University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (C. Stephan, J.J. Vehreschild); LMU München, Munich, Germany (J. Eberle); German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich (J. Eberle, J. Bogner, C.D. Spinner); Department of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich (J. Bogner); Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich (C.D. Spinner); University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany (A.M. Eis-Hübinger); University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn (J.-C. Wasmuth); University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (G. Schäfer); Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (G. Behrens); German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany (G. Behrens); San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego (S.R. Mehta); Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (M. Hoenigl)

Main Article

Table 1

Characteristics of study participants with HIV harboring drug resistance mutations, Germany, 2001–2018*

Characteristic No. (%) participants No. (%) with DRMs No. (%) with shared DRMs† p value‡
Total
 1,397 (100)
 248 (17.8)
 19 (8.1)
Age, y 0.032
>45 430 (30.8) 82 (19.1) 2 (0.5)
25–45 856 (61.3) 145 (16.9) 13 (1.5)
<25
 111 (7.9)
 21 (18.9)
 4 (3.6)
Sex 0.059
F 239 (17.1) 39 (16.3) 0
M
 1,158 (82.9)
 209 (18.0)
 19 (1.6)
HIV subtype 0.003
Non-B 380 (27.2) 65 (17.1) 0
B
 1,017 (72.8)
 183 (17.9)
 19 (1.9)
Transmission risk§ 0.164
HTS 302 (21.6) 48 (15.9) 2 (0.7)
MSM 792 (56.7) 138 (17.4) 15 (1.9)
Endemic 133 (9.5) 22 (16.5) 0
PWID 24 (1.7) 4 (16.7) 1 (4.2)
Other/Unknown
 146 (10.5)
 36 (24.7)
 1 (0.7)
Country of origin 0.104
Germany 972 (69.6) 181 (18.6) 17 (1.7)
Other 373 (26.7) 58 (15.5) 1 (0.3)
Unknown
 52 (3.7)
 9 (17.3)
 1 (1.9)
City 0.051
Cologne 582 (41.7) 110 (18.9) 14 (2.4)
Hamburg 48 (3.4) 9 (18.8) 0
Bonn 152 (10.9) 22 (14.5) 3 (1.9)
Frankfurt 215 (15.4) 33 (15.4) 1 (0.5)
Hannover 169 (12.1) 53 (31.4) 1 (5.9)
Munich
 231 (16.5)
 21 (9.1)
 0
Year of HIV-1 diagnosis 0.206
2001–2006 103 (7.4) 14 (13.6) 0
2007–2012 705 (50.5) 130 (18.4) 13 (1.8)
2013–2018 589 (42.2) 104 (17.7) 6 (1.0)

*DRM, drug resistance mutation; endemic, recent immigration from a country with a HIV prevalence >1%; HTS, heterosexuals; MSM, men who have sex with men; PWID, persons who injected drugs.
†Shared DRM were defined as any DRM present in >2 genetically linked patients (<1.5% GD)
‡Fisher exact and χ2 test were performed as appropriate. Bold text indicates significant results.
§Polymorphic mutations are not included in the prevalence of DRMs.

Main Article

1Preliminary results from this study were presented at the Conference for Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) 2019, March 4–7, 2019, Seattle, Washington, USA.

2These first authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: September 03, 2020
Page updated: September 17, 2020
Page reviewed: September 17, 2020
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external