Volume 26, Number 6—June 2020
Research
Zoonotic Alphaviruses in Fatal and Neurologic Infections in Wildlife and Nonequine Domestic Animals, South Africa
Jumari Steyn, Isabel Fourie, Johan Steyl, June Williams, Voula Stivaktas, Elizabeth Botha, Stefanie van Niekerk, Bjorn Reininghaus, and Marietjie Venter
Table 2
Clinical signs associated with MIDV and SINV infections in wildlife, nonequine domestic animals, and birds, South Africa*
| Virus, sign, and outcome | No. (%) positive, n = 22 | No (%) negative, n = 474 | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIDV | ||||
| Sign | ||||
| Fever | 4 (18.2) | 42 (8.9) | 2.3 (0.7–7.1) | 0.1 |
| Neurologic signs | 22 (100.0) | 404 (85.2) | ND | 0.06 |
| Ataxia | 4 (18.2) | 100 (21.1) | 0.8 (0.2–2.5) | 1.0 |
| Paralysis | 4 (18.2) | 60 (12.7) | 1.5 (0.5–4.7) | 0.7 |
| Quadriparesis | 6 (27.3) | 114 (24.1) | 1.8 (0.5–3.1) | 0.8 |
| Tongue paralysis | 0 | 4 (0.8) | ND | 1.0 |
| Recumbency | 4 (18.2) | 101 (21.3) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) | 1.0 |
| Dyspnea | 0 | 81 (17.1) | ND | 1.0 |
| Hemorrhage | 0 | 11 (2.3) | ND | 1.0 |
| Congenital deformities | 0 | 7 (1.5) | ND | 1.0 |
| Blindness | 0 | 11 (2.3) | ND | 1.0 |
| Icterus | 0 | 2 (0.4) | ND | 1.0 |
| Seizure | 0 | 29 (6.1) | ND | 1.0 |
| Outcome | n = 23 | n = 585 | ||
| Sudden unexpected death | 1 (4.4) | 75 (12.8) | 0.3 (0.0–2.3) | 0.3 |
| Abortion | 0 | 23 (4.1) | ND | 1.0 |
| Stillbirth | 0 | 13 (2.7) | ND | 1.0 |
| Fatal |
20 (87.0) |
501 (85.6) |
1.1 (0.3–3.9) |
1.0 |
| SINV | n = 6 | n = 490 | ||
| Sign | ||||
| Fever | 1 (16.7) | 45 (9.2) | 2.0 (0.2–17.3) | 0.5 |
| Neurologic signs | 6 (100.0) | 420 (85.7) | ND | 1.0 |
| Ataxia | 2 (33.3) | 102 (20.8) | 1.9 (0.3–10.5) | 0.6 |
| Paralysis | 1 (16.7) | 63 (12.9) | 1.4 (0.2–11.8) | 0.7 |
| Quadriparesis | 0 | 120 (24.5) | ND | 1.0 |
| Tongue paralysis | 1 (16.7) | 3 (0.6) | 32.5 (2.9–368.3) | <0.05 |
| Recumbency | 2 (33.3) | 103 (21.0) | 1.9 (0.3–10.4) | 0.6 |
| Dyspnea | 1 (16.7) | 80 (16.3) | 1.0 (0.1–89) | 1.0 |
| Hemorrhage | 0 | 11 (2.2) | ND | 1.0 |
| Congenital deformities | 0 | 7 (1.4) | ND | 1.0 |
| Blindness | 0 | 11 (2.4) | ND | 1.0 |
| Icterus | 0 | 2 (0.4) | ND | 1.0 |
| Seizure | 0 | 29 (5.9) | ND | 1.0 |
| Outcome | n = 9 | n = 599 | ||
| Sudden unexpected death | 2 (22.2) | 74 (12.7) | 0.5 (0.1–2.4) | 0.3 |
| Abortion | 1 (11.1) | 22 (3.8) | 3.3 (0.4–27.4) | 0.3 |
| Stillbirth | 0 | 13 (2.7) | ND | 0.8 |
| Fatal | 9 (100.0) | 512 (85.5) | ND | 1.0 |
*ND, not determined; MIDV, Middelburg virus; SINV, Sindbis virus.
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